•We consider competition of one green supply chain and one regular supply chain.•We examine the effects of three policies of government on the chains’ competition.•There are specific boundaries for ...government’s tariffs that assure market stability.•The tariffs’ effects on product prices depend on substitutability of products types.•The chains’ environmental impacts increase as the government raises its revenue.
In recent years, many socially responsible governments employ economic incentives and deterrents to manage environmental impacts of enterprises. We develop a price competition model of two green and regular supply chains under the influences of government financial intervention. The supply chains that each consists of one manufacturer and one retailer provide different types of a product which are partially substitutable in market. We formulate the problem as a game theoretical model in the form of six scenarios based on government tendencies and decision-making structures of supply chains. We analyze the effects of government’s tariffs on the players’ optimal strategies and we find that there are specific boundaries for tariffs which guarantee stable competitive market. Numerical results reveal that the environmental protection and social responsibility tendencies of the government have measurable impacts on the government’s revenue as well as supply chains’ and their members’ profits.
This study investigates equilibrium between green and non-green product types under different government intervention schemas. To this end, we establish production competition models of a set of ...green and non-green supply chains (GSCs and NGSCs, respectively). GSCs and NGSCs are two-echelon supply chains (SCs) that present green and non-green types of a product to a market, respectively. We consider two schemas of governmental intervention: direct tariffs (DTs) and tradable permits (TPs), both with and without baselines. This research seeks to evaluate how the GSCs and NGSCs respond to the DT or TP schemas. To establish the best SC response strategies, we formulate three-level non-linear programming problems for four possible governmental intervention scenarios. We find that this problem is multidimensional with different system stakeholders including the government, SCs, consumers, and the environment. In fact, different schemas result in different satisfaction levels of stakeholders. Thus, an appropriate schema can be selected by considering corresponding effects on the stakeholders. The comprehensive evaluation of a case study on residential building construction SCs yields significant managerial insights.
•Competition models between sets of green and regular supply chains are established.•Direct tariff and tradable permits schemas are considered for government intervention.•Leader-follower game model is used for interactions of the chains and government.•The schemas affect environmental cost, government expenditure, and chains' profit.•Case of competition between green and regular houses is studied under IEEO regulation.
•We achieve the NPV for each subcontractor in a collaborative and individual situation.•We analyze the relationships among the Shapley Values versus the some parameters.•The game theory methods are ...popular in evaluating the impact of the cooperation.•The behaviors of the subcontractors are studied in the coalitions under uncertainty.
Improvement of project scheduling is a complicated task due to numerous activities and various resources. Accordingly, the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) is an NP-hard problem that minimizes the time and cost of the project. In this paper, the goal is to model the problem under uncertainty in the availability of the resources and activities duration simultaneously. Subcontractors of the construction projects are motivated to form a coalition to reduce the makespan, increase the availability of the resources and maximize their profits. Initially, the robust optimization (RO) model is developed for the RCPSP based on the multi-objective optimization method in which the uncertainty is modeled in a set of scenarios. The behavior of subcontractors is considered by supper-additivity in cooperation, satisfaction level and stability of coalitions. The results of the proposed model demonstrate that the subcontractors can work together in a coalition and obtain more profit rather than working individually. Then, game theory methods such as Shapley Value, Max-Min core, and Equal Profit Method are applied to fairly allocate excess profit of the coalition.
•Competition of green supply chains are modeled under government regulation policies.•Leader-follower game model is used for environmental policy making of government.•Effects of environmental ...polices (i.e., Dereg, GP, GC, DT, DL, and CES) are studied.•All intervention polices are beneficial because they increase social utility.•The energy-saving tendency of government in all policies increase social utility.
Energy saving efforts decrease the demand of energy services, and it can yield improvement in the environmental protection, national security, financial benefits, and social welfare. In this research, we investigate the effects of various governmental regulation policies on competition of green supply chains. We consider six regulation policies of deregulation, direct tariff, direct limitation, government certificate, government permit, cooperative energy saving as well as two decision making structures of centralized and decentralized green supply chains. We formulate twelve mathematical programming models using Stackelberg game between government and supply chains. A comprehensive analysis of brick production supply chains reveals some managerial insights. We find that all intervention policies are advantageous because they result in more social utilities than deregulation policy; however, the policy should be chosen regarding the effects on consumers, green supply chains, and the environment. In particular, cooperative energy saving policy yields the highest social utility and energy saving level; meanwhile, it involves the highest government investment. Moreover, we know than profit seeking behaviour of government in all policies causes the decrease in social utility.
•Competition and cooperation models are developed for green supply chains interaction.•Leader-follower game model is used for interactions of the chains and government.•Energy saving, social welfare, ...and revenue seeking are the government’s policies.•Government’s energy saving policy boosts cooperative efforts in energy saving context.•Shapley value methods fairly distribute the additional profit to the cooperating GSCs.
We develop price-energy-saving competition and cooperation models for two green supply chains (GSCs) under government financial intervention. First, we study the best response strategies of the chains for the given tariffs of a government. Second, we formulate 16 mathematical programming models regarding governments’ energy-saving, social welfare, and revenue-seeking policies. We find that the government can orchestrate GSCs to fulfil the financial, social, and environmental objectives by an appropriate tariff mechanism. Moreover, cooperation in a GSC and between GSCs may facilitate the government’s sustainable development policies. A comprehensive analysis on case study of brick production GSCs reveals some important managerial insights.
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•We develop the BWM for the situations that decision makers’ judgments are not precise.•We propose a novel method based on group and individual decisions supported on FBWM.•The method ...enables trade-off between democratic and autocratic decision-making styles.•We evaluate numerical examples regarding a scientific journal and investment projects.•The consistency of decision-making is improved by adjusting parameters Ω and α.
The process of decision-making in an enterprise may either keep the business on track or derail it. Thus, a senior decision maker often use a group of experts as the supportive team to ensure appropriate decisions. The experts often have different expertise level regarding their knowledge, talent, proficiency, and experience. In this study, we first extend the best-worst method based on the linguistic preferences of decision-makers about importance of attributes. These preferences are converted into triangular fuzzy numbers to be utilized in the linear programming model. That is, in contrast with the original best-worst method in which the preferences towards the attributes are crisp, fuzzy preferences are considered in the proposed method to reflect the imprecise comments of experts. Second, we propose a novel group decision making approach based on the fuzzy best-worst method to combine the opinion of senior decision-maker and the opinions of the experts. Indeed, our model helps the senior decision-maker to make a significant trade-off between democratic and autocratic decision-making styles. From sensitivity analyses on two numerical examples, we show that, when there is conflict between senior decision-maker and group of decision-makers, the consistency of group decision-making (democracy) will increase as it tends to individual decision-making (autocracy).
The steel industry is considered as one of the mother industries that serves many large and small industries. Hence, recognizing the market situation of the steel industry both inside and outside the ...country is very important. Supply and demand are among the most important factors in stimulating the steel market. Usually, supply and demand have complex function. So, modeling and forecasting steel supply and demand require the use of accurate and scientific approaches. This paper presents an approach to identify the steel supply and demand functions and also to forecast the supply and demand trends. In the first step, through reviewing the historical data on the steel supply and demand in Iran, the effective and most important variables will be identified. Then, the supply and demand functions will be fitted using multiple logarithmic regression analysis. Logarithmically transforming variables in a regression model is a very common way to handle situations where a non-linear relationship exists between the independent and dependent variables. The accuracy of estimations is checked through appropriate statistical tests. The analysis is based on data of Iran steel market obtained from a 60 monthly period starting in 2010 and ending in 2014. The results showed that the estimated functions was appropriate in modeling the steel supply and demand behavior. The extrapolation analysis using 24 monthly data from 2017-2018 has also been accomplished to check the performance of the regression analysis.
•Supply and demand are among the most important factors in stimulating the steel market.•We presents an approach to identify the steel supply and demand functions.•Supply and demand functions will be fitted using multiple logarithmic regression analysis.•The accuracy of estimations are checked through appropriate statistical tests.•The research is based on Iran steel market for a 48-month period starting in 2010 and ending in 2014.
In this paper, a bi-level game-theoretic model is proposed to investigate the effects of governmental financial intervention on green supply chain. This problem is formulated as a bi-level program ...for a green supply chain that produces various products with different environmental pollution levels. The problem is also regard uncertainties in market demand and sale price of raw materials and products. The model is further transformed into a single-level nonlinear programming problem by replacing the lower-level optimization problem with its Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions. Genetic algorithm is applied as a solution methodology to solve nonlinear programming model. Finally, to investigate the validity of the proposed method, the computational results obtained through genetic algorithm are compared with global optimal solution attained by enumerative method. Analytical results indicate that the proposed GA offers better solutions in large size problems. Also, we conclude that financial intervention by government consists of green taxation and subsidization is an effective method to stabilize green supply chain members' performance.
•Leader-follower game model is used for interaction between a GSC and government.•We use carbon cap, carbon tax, carbon trade, and carbon offset as carbon regulations.•Multi-stage inventory decisions ...of coordinated and non-coordinated GSC are studied.•The total cost and carbon emission of the GSC are directly affected by carbon regulations.•Inventory costs and carbon emission can be decreased by coordinating the GSC.
Governments and policymakers around the world put their best efforts to control the pollutions and climate change. Thus, they set various regulations to reduce greenhouse gases and carbon footprints. It is expected that firms should follow these regulations while maintaining their profitability. In this regard, firms can manage their carbon emissions across their supply chain (SC) by inventory management, since operational adjustments may affect the amount of carbon emissions, such as changing the production quantity and the frequency of transportations. This study applies a Stackelberg game between the government and a multi-stage green supply chain (GSC), in which the government’s goal is to maximize social welfare and that of the GSC is to minimize its cost. First, we formulate the inventory cost and carbon emission of a multi-stage GSC under two decision-making structures: non-coordinated and coordinated GSCs. Second, we develop eight bi-level mathematical programming models considering the structure of the GSC and the regulations of the government including carbon cap, carbon tax, carbon trade, and carbon offset. Then two solution approaches will present for solving problems based on the type of the GSC structure. This study examines the effect of coordination and carbon regulations on inventory cost, carbon emission and the objective function of the government.
One of the most effective solutions to sustain an organization in competitive environments is the strategy of continuous improvement. Consequently, the proposed strategy needs a continuous ...performance evaluation measurements. A solution to evaluate service quality measurements is to rank the service providers. The ranking procedure in similar complex problems or selection problems can be efficiently implemented with the support of multiple attribute decision making (MADM) methods. This study aims at developing a comprehensive decision support system (DSS) based on multiple MADM methods along with an extended quality of service evaluation model to assess the service quality of certain cultural centers. The suggested service quality measurement model in this study is recognized as a valid and reliable tool based on statistical modeling and validation methods. Moreover, the suggested DSS model has been developed based on integration of target-based F-MULTIMOORA and Fuzzy Axiomatic Design (FAD) methods combined with the best-worst method (BWM). Accordingly, a case study was investigated regarding the assessment of seven art galleries in Tehran, Iran. Ultimately, an extensive managerial investigation of the DSS model has been presented based on the real-world examples to show the practicality of the propositions of the current study.
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