There was a truly global revolution that reflected a Great Divide between ancient and new legal regimes. The volume emphasizes its depth and scale and explores the phenomenon in the contexts of ...Morocco, Egypt, India, the Ottoman empire, China, and Japan.
Although criminal law books were comparatively rare before the middle of the eighteenth century, Beccaria's Dei delitti e delle pene (1764) triggered the development of an enormous literature devoted ...to penal issues (from philosophical foundations to debates related to prisons) in Europe until 1914. In one and a half centuries, more than 20,000 books were published on these issues, of which about half were published in German lands and the remainder in Italy, France, Great Britain/United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Belgium and the Netherlands. Both philosophers and sociologists participated to these intellectual exchanges. This paper tries to analyse different ways for measuring the circulation of these texts (translations, quotations especially in footnotes, catalogues of private and public libraries, correspondence and travels). Although the debates were clearly transnational, there were also obstacles in the diffusion of foreign books. After evaluating these linguistic or cultural obstacles and considering the changing contexts between the first and second halves of the nineteenth century, this article outlines three conclusions about the globalisation and non-globalisation of legal concepts during this period.
The « classical » handbooks about French legal history (the ones from Esmein, Declareuil, Chénon, Olivier-Martin) have been written, at the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the ...20th century, in order to favour the national pride. They have presented the construction of the French state through specific stages (the Frankish period, the feudal kingdom, the absolute monarchy, the Revolution and its outcomes) and main features concerning the public institutions. New researches, since about three decades, have questioned these clichés, the most of them appearing today as myths. With such a deconstruction, must one abandon any attempt to circumscribe French law as an historical object (at least since the 13th century) ? This paper proposes to maintain an important role to the history of State, but more in a comparative perspective and with a developed interest for the role of professional lawyers in this national mythology.
When Mussolini came to power, legal historians constituted, besides the specialists of Roman law, a small group of about twenty professors. Two members of this group refused to take the oath to ...Mussolini in 1931, as only sixteen academics opposed to the fascist regime. Other legal historians joined openly the fascist movement. The majority of legal historians remained partisans of a wait-and-see policy. For these reasons, it is difficult to interpret the works of these legal historians, which were published between 1922 and 1943 in collections supported by the fascist regime, but do not seem to be influenced by the fascist ideology.
Many Asian and African constitutional and statutory texts use the phrase personal laws in order to determine the rules applicable to family matters such a marriage, divorce, maintenance and in some ...countries inheritance. However, this term is extremely vague and often without a clear definition in the legal texts. This paper tries to show the high degree of un-determination of the statutory references to personal laws. This chaotic situation can be explained by historical and political factors. Nevertheless, the paper proposes to stipulate a conventional definition of personal laws in order to facilitate the comparison between the Asian and African countries with a plurality of personal laws. Based on common features of these legal systems knowing a plurality of personal laws, such a definition can be useful for practical as well as for theoretical purposes.
Du statut au contrat Halpérin, Jean-Louis
Genèses,
2020, Volume:
n° 120, Issue:
120
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Cet article propose de remettre en perspective le projet de LPPR dans l'évolution des textes législatifs et réglementaires concernant l'Université (depuis 1808) et la recherche (depuis les années ...1930). Cette analyse du discours juridique dans la longue durée montre la lente émergence des garanties statutaires pour les enseignants et les chercheurs, comme le passage au second plan des règles statutaires à travers les récents codes de l'éducation et de la recherche. Une évolution du statut au contrat que la LPPR ne ferait qu'aggraver dangereusement.
This paper proposes to put into perspective the draft LPPR (loi de programmation pluriannuelle de la recherche) and to consider its place within the evolution of statutory laws and regulations concerning the University (from 1808) and research (from the 1930s). This analysis of the legal discourse over the long term shows the slow emergence of statutory guarantees for professors and researchers, as well as the secondary place assigned to these guarantees by the recent "Code de l'éducation" and "Code de la recherche"; an evolution from statute to contract that the LPPR threatens to seriously accelerate.
Jusqu’à maintenant les auteurs se revendiquant de « droit et géographie » ont adopté une position critique à l’égard du positivisme juridique, affirmant qu’il fallait abandonner les comparaisons ...classiques réduites à des normes étatiques à l’intérieur de frontières nationales. Après avoir clarifié les définitions possibles du positivisme juridique, cet article entend faire la part entre les reproches justifiés adressés à la notion ancienne de « familles de droit » et les apories auxquelles conduisent les idées radicales de dépassement des frontières et de complète autonomie des ordres juridiques non étatiques. Plaidant pour un pluralisme, dans lequel ordres juridiques étatiques et non étatiques interagissent, l’article propose de renouveler la géographie du droit sur deux terrains. Le premier consiste à établir de nouvelles grilles de lecture pour comparer les systèmes juridiques des États. Le second correspond à la comparaison des différentes formes de zonage à l’intérieur des États. L’élaboration de cartes à titre d’hypothèses paraît particulièrement adaptée à ces collaborations entre droit et géographie qui pourrait conduire à une réflexion sur la densité des conflits juridiques.
Summary Background In ROCKET AF, rivaroxaban was non-inferior to adjusted-dose warfarin in preventing stroke or systemic embolism among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to investigate ...whether the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin is consistent among the subgroups of patients with and without previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). Methods In ROCKET AF, patients with AF who were at increased risk of stroke were randomly assigned (1:1) in a double-blind manner to rivaroxaban 20 mg daily or adjusted dose warfarin (international normalised ratio 2·0–3·0). Patients and investigators were masked to treatment allocation. Between Dec 18, 2006, and June 17, 2009, 14 264 patients from 1178 centres in 45 countries were randomly assigned. The primary endpoint was the composite of stroke or non-CNS systemic embolism. In this substudy we assessed the interaction of the treatment effects of rivaroxaban and warfarin among patients with and without previous stroke or TIA. Efficacy analyses were by intention to treat and safety analyses were done in the on-treatment population. ROCKET AF is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT00403767. Findings 7468 (52%) patients had a previous stroke (n=4907) or TIA (n=2561) and 6796 (48%) had no previous stroke or TIA. The number of events per 100 person-years for the primary endpoint in patients treated with rivaroxaban compared with warfarin was consistent among patients with previous stroke or TIA (2·79% rivaroxaban vs 2·96% warfarin; hazard ratio HR 0·94, 95% CI 0·77–1·16) and those without (1·44% vs 1·88%; 0·77, 0·58–1·01; interaction p=0·23). The number of major and non-major clinically relevant bleeding events per 100 person-years in patients treated with rivaroxaban compared with warfarin was consistent among patients with previous stroke or TIA (13·31% rivaroxaban vs 13·87% warfarin; HR 0·96, 95% CI 0·87–1·07) and those without (16·69% vs 15·19%; 1·10, 0·99–1·21; interaction p=0·08). Interpretation There was no evidence that the relative efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin was different between patients who had a previous stroke or TIA and those who had no previous stroke or TIA. These results support the use of rivaroxaban as an alternative to warfarin for prevention of recurrent as well as initial stroke in patients with AF. Funding Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development and Bayer HealthCare.
RESUMÉ:La réflexion sur la diversité des approches méthodologiques en droit comparé n’a guère porté, au cours de ces dernières décennies, sur le droit pénal. Cette relative lacune de la littérature ...tient à une conception d’un droit pénal universel qui connaîtrait seulement quelques variations dans la sévérité plus ou moins grande de la répression. Il apparaît pourtant utile pour les comparatistes d’identifier de manière historique les développements de la discipline du droit pénal et de considérer que le champ pénal n’est pas identique à lui-même à travers le temps et l’espace. Cette contribution s’attache à montrer comment la spécialisation des pénalistes, à partir du XIXe siècle, s’est accompagnée longtemps d’une démarche comparative avant que ne s’installe une sorte de désintérêt pour la comparaison des infractions reconnues ou non par les différents ordres juridiques étatiques. Or, la prise en compte des phénomènes de criminalisation et de décriminalisation montre à quel point ces droits étatiques sont susceptibles de converger ou de diverger, en présentant des configurations beaucoup plus complexes que les traditionnelles familles de droit. En recourant à la théorie du droit, le droit pénal comparé alimente la réflexion sur la place des lois prohibitives, leur éventuelle relation avec des normes culturelles et le recours à des interdits dans des domaines qui font l’objet dans d’autres pays à des lois permissives. RESUMO:A discussão sobre a diversidade de abordagens metodológicas em direito comparado, no decorrer das últimas décadas, pouco se debruçou sobre o direito penal. Esta lacuna se deve à uma concepção de direito penal universal que admitiria apenas variações no grau de severidade da repressão. Contudo, para os comparatistas mostra-se útil identificar historicamente o desenvolvimento da disciplina de direito penal e considerar que o campo não se mantém inalterado através do tempo e do espaço. Este trabalho visa mostrar como, a partir do século XIX, a especialização de penalistas foi acompanhada por muito tempo de uma abordagem comparativa, antes de que se instalasse um desinteresse pela comparação de infrações reconhecidas -ou não- por diferentes ordenamentos jurídicos estatais. A compreensão dos fenômenos de criminalização e descriminalização mostra até que ponto os direitos estatais são suscetíveis de convergir ou divergir, apresentando configurações muito mais complexas que as tradicionais famílias de direito. Assim, utilizando-se da teoria do direito, o direito penal comparado incita a reflexão sobre o papel das leis proibitivas, sua eventual relação com normas culturais e a possibilidade de proibições em determinadas matérias serem objetos de leis permissivas em outros países. ABSTRACT:The discussion about the methodological diversity in Comparative Law has barely touched upon criminal law. This gap in the literature is due to a conception of universal Criminal Law in which only variations regarding the severity of crime’s repression would be admitted. Nonetheless, the historical study of Criminal Law along with the reflection on changes in the discipline through time and space has proven to be useful for comparatists. The aim of this study is to show how the specialization of scholars of Criminal Law, since the 19th century, had been accompanied by a comparatist approach before a pervasive disinterest in comparing infractions under different legal systems came to be the rule. The phenomena of criminalization and decriminalization reveal to what point legal systems converge or diverge in a more elaborated way than those depicted by the traditional division of legal systems. Thus, Comparative Criminal Law, using the insights from Legal Theory, stimulates reflections on the role of prohibitive laws, their relation with cultural norms, and the possibility of a prohibition being permitted elsewhere – i.e. other countries.
PDF
