Abstract The Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling plays a critical role in the outcome and the sensitivity to anticancer therapies. Activated MAPK can transmit extracellular signals to ...regulate cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis and so on. Apoptosis as well as macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) can be induced by extracellular stimuli such the treatment of chemotherapeutic agents, resulting in different cell response to these drugs. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating these two cellular processes remain largely unknown. Recently, several studies provide new insights into p38 and JNK MAPK pathways function in the control of the balance of autophagy and apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress. Our increased understanding of the role of p38 and JNK MAPK pathways in regulating the balance of autophagy and apoptosis will hopefully provide prospective strategies for cancer therapy.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are mixtures of two or more components that have lower melting temperatures compared to their constituting components. DESs possess many advantages, for example, low ...volatility, low flammability, and low toxicity, which make them promising alternatives to traditional organic solvents. The melting temperature, one of the important physical properties, is of essential importance for industrial applications. In this work, a group and group‐interaction contribution method was proposed to estimate the melting temperatures of DESs using an extensive database (1528 DESs, 1541 data points). The average absolute relative deviation (%AARD) between the estimated and experimental values of the melting temperature was 5.67% for binary DESs. Subsequently, this method was also extended to estimate the melting temperature of ternary DESs, with the AARD of 6.13%. The results indicate the high accuracy and broad applicability of the method and pave the way for the rational design of task‐specific DESs.
Using the output of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) experiments of 28 models from the Fifth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), the models’ performances ...in the simulation of the two dominant interannual variability modes of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High (WNPSH) are investigated. In the observation, the positive phases of these two modes feature an anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific (WNP), but the first mode (M1) is closely connected with the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO), the maritime continent (MC) and the equatorial central Pacific (CP), while the second mode (M2) is closely connected with the SST anomalies over the WNP. The M1 is well captured by the CMIP5–AMIP models forced by the historical SST, suggesting the M1 is an SST-forced mode. The CMIP5–AMIP models capture the close relationship of the M1 with the SST anomalies over the TIO, the MC and the CP. The forcing mechanisms of M1 in the CMIP5–AMIP models are consistent with the observation, including a Kelvin wave emanating from the TIO and a local Hadley circulation originating from the MC. Different from the high reproducibility of the M1, the M2 is only moderately reproduced by the multi-model ensemble (MME) mean of the CMIP5–AMIP models. The simulated anomalous WNPSH of the M2 is weaker and shifts southwestward in the MME and many individual models compared to the observation. Among the five anomalous WNPSH years associated with the M2, the MME captures the anomalous WNPSH only in 1993 and 1994 but not in 1980, 1981 and 1987. The partial reproducibility of the M2 by the CMIP5–AMIP models suggests the M2 is neither a pure atmospheric internal mode nor a pure SST-forced mode. The observed close relationship between the anomalous WNPSH and the WNP SST anomalies is underestimated by the CMIP5–AMIP models, suggesting the local SST–WNPSH relationship may depend on the air–sea interaction over the WNP.
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•Methane production were improved with addition of biochar, magnetic biochar and Fe3O4.•The cumulative methane yield was increased by 60.47% with 5 g/kg of Fe3O4.•The direct ...interspecies electron transfer (DIET) was enhanced by Fe3O4.•The strategy of recycling Fe3O4 additive has the best economic benefit.
The co-digestion of corn straw and sewage sludge with different additives (biochar, magnetic biochar, Fe3O4) were investigated. The highest cumulative methane yield of 245.15 mL/g VSadded was obtained with the Fe3O4 addition ratio of 5 g/kg, which was 60.47% higher than that of the control run (without additives). The lag phase time was shortened from 5.46 to 3.82 days with a biochar dosage of 5 g/kg. The performance of Fe3O4 on methane production from the co-digestion process was better than that of the biochar and magnetic biochar. The direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) was enhanced with regard to the increased concentration of acetic acid and decreased concentration of propionic acid. Microbial community analysis showed that the Geobacter and Methanosarcina were selectively enriched on the surface of Fe3O4, promoting the DIET and acetoclastic methanogenesis pathway. The cost-benefit analysis proved that the strategy of recycling Fe3O4 additive has the best economic benefit.
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•Multi-disciplinary coupling characteristics are considered in the design process.•The adaptive surrogate model is introduced to enhance the optimization accuracy.•In the optimization ...process, the autonomy of specific discipline can be guaranteed.
As one of the multidisciplinary design optimization methods, the collaborative optimization (CO) can enjoy a high degree of discipline autonomy. It has received extensive attention and been used in the modern engineering design process. However, the original CO is low optimization accuracy and efficiency for the design of high-dimensional nonlinearity systems because of the involved compatibility constraints. To solve this problem, an enhanced CO method based on the adaptive surrogate model is proposed in this study. The strategy of the proposed method includes the following steps. Firstly, the traditional surrogate models of system objective and performance function are constructed by the Latin hypercube sampling and the Kriging method. Then, the expected improvement function and the self-cycling optimization strategy are utilized to modify the traditional surrogate models into the corresponding adaptive surrogate models. Finally, the original objective and constraints at the system level and disciplinary level are replaced by their adaptive surrogate models, respectively. Consequently, the formulation of CO based on the adaptive surrogate model can be obtained. In the proposed method, the accuracy of the non-linear region of the response surface can be enhanced efficiently. An engineering structure design problem is introduced to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
This study mainly aimed to investigate the effects of dark septate endophytes (DSE) (
Acrocalymma vagum
,
Paraboeremia putaminum
, and
Fusarium acuminatum
) on the growth and microbial community ...composition in the rhizosphere soil of a medicinal plant, licorice (
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
), grown in the non-sterile soil under drought stress. The results showed that three DSE strains could effectively colonize the plant roots and form a strain-dependent symbiosis with licorice. Although drought stress declined the growth of licorice plants, these decreases were partly recovered by DSE inoculation. Specifically, the inoculation of
A. vagum
and
P. putaminum
significantly increased the biomass and glycyrrhizin content, whereas
A. vagum
and
F. acuminatum
increased glycyrrhizic acid content of host plants under drought stress. However, the inoculation of
F. acuminatum
showed significant negative effects on the shoot, root, and total biomass of licorice plants. In addition, the effects of DSE inoculation on the morphological, photosynthetic, and antioxidant parameters of licorice plants, and mineral nutrient and microbial community composition in the rhizosphere soil were dependent on the DSE species as well as water regime. Interestingly, DSE inoculation significantly increased AM fungi content under drought stress. In addition, DSE associated with water had a significant positive influence on soil organic matter, available phosphorus (P), AM fungi, leaf number, soluble protein, SOD activity, total root length, root branch, and glycyrrhizic acid content. Based on the results of variance partitioning analysis, 17.0, 34.0, 14.9, 40.1, 28.2, and 18.0% variations in shoot morphology, root morphology, plant biomass, active ingredient, photosynthetic parameters, and antioxidant parameters, respectively, were attributable to the presence of certain soil microorganisms. These findings suggest the possibility that DSE inoculation improved the root development and nutrient absorption of host plants, altered the soil microbiota, and might also contribute to plant growth and survival under drought conditions. As
A. vagum
exhibited positive effects on the plant biomass, morphological and physiological parameters, and active ingredient content in licorice plants under drought stress, it was considered to be the best fungus for licorice cultivation. These results contribute to the understanding of the ecological function of DSE fungi in dryland agriculture.
The strength of sandstone decreases significantly with higher water content attributing to softening effects. This scenario can pose a severe threat to the stability of reservoirs of pumped storage ...power stations developed from abandoned mines, especially when subjected to the cyclic loading condition caused by the repeated drainage and storage of water (fatigue damage). Based on this, it is essential to focus on the fatigue failure characteristics. In this study, the mineral composition of the used sandstone of Ruineng coal mine in Shanxi Province, China, was first tested to elucidate the rock softening mechanism after absorbing water. Next, a numerical model for replicating the mechanical behavior of water-bearing sandstone was established using two-dimensional particle flow code (PFC2D) with a novel contact model. Then, 16 uniaxial cyclic loading simulations with distinct loading parameters related to reservoir conditions (loading frequency, amplitude level, and maximum stress level) and different water contents were conducted. The numerical results show that all these three loading parameters affect the failure characteristics of sandstone, including irreversible strain, damage evolution, strain behavior, and fatigue life. The influence degree of these three parameters on failure behavior increases in the order of maximum stress level, loading frequency, and amplitude level. However, for the samples with different water contents, their failure characteristics are similar under the same loading conditions. Furthermore, the failure mode is almost unaffected by the loading parameters, while the water content plays a significant role and causing the transformation from the tensile splitting with low water content to the shear failure with higher water content.
Although single-atomically dispersed metal-N
on carbon support (M-NC) has great potential in heterogeneous catalysis, the scalable synthesis of such single-atom catalysts (SACs) with high-loading ...metal-N
is greatly challenging since the loading and single-atomic dispersion have to be balanced at high temperature for forming metal-N
. Herein, we develop a general cascade anchoring strategy for the mass production of a series of M-NC SACs with a metal loading up to 12.1 wt%. Systematic investigation reveals that the chelation of metal ions, physical isolation of chelate complex upon high loading, and the binding with N-species at elevated temperature are essential to achieving high-loading M-NC SACs. As a demonstration, high-loading Fe-NC SAC shows superior electrocatalytic performance for O
reduction and Ni-NC SAC exhibits high electrocatalytic activity for CO
reduction. The strategy paves a universal way to produce stable M-NC SAC with high-density metal-N
sites for diverse high-performance applications.
•Sulfonated carbon as synthesized by a modified two-step method under mild condition.•Spherical shape was preserved which is independent of sulfonation solution concentration.•This carbon-based solid ...acid showed excellent activity in fructose dehydration to HMF.•90% HMF yield was obtained at 160°C after 1.5h reaction time duration.
A carbon-based solid acid catalyst was prepared via hydrothermal method using glucose as carbon precursors and aqueous solution of H2SO4 as sulfonation agent. The as-synthesized solid acid catalyst was attempted in the catalytic dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). The effects of acid site density, reaction time, solvents, catalyst amount, temperature and mole ratio of catalyst to substrate were investigated. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the HMF yield of 90% was achieved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solvent at 160°C after 1.5h reaction time duration. The solid acid catalyst can be separated from the reaction mixture after reaction and reused without substantial loss in catalytic activity.
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