Background
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune chronic rheumatic disease with a high mortality rate, which continues to be a challenge for clinicians today.
Aim
To assess changes in mortality ...trends in the Spanish SSc population between 1980 and 2019, taking into account the independent effects of sex, age, time period and birth cohort.
Methods
SSc death records and mid‐year population data were collected from the National Statistics Institute. Age‐standardized mortality rates were calculated for the overall population and for each sex (male, female) and age group (5‐year groups). Significant changes in mortality trends were identified by joinpoint regressions. An age–period–cohort (APC) analysis and potential years of life lost (PYLL) analysis were performed to identify the burden of SSc.
Results
Age‐standardized mortality rates due to SSc increased from 1.87 (95% CI 1.00–3.02) per 1 000 000 inhabitants between 1980 and 1984, to 2.47 (95% CI 1.74–3.02) per 1 000 000 inhabitants between 2015 and 2019. The relative risk of mortality fell in all groups in cohorts born after 1990. The PYLL rates showed a gradual rise for both sexes.
Conclusion
There was an increase in overall SSc mortality in Spain during the 39 years evaluated, although there was a progressive drop for men.
The main goal of this study was to assess the evolution of mortality trends in the Spanish population with systemic sclerosis between 1980 and 2019, through the independent effect of sex, age, period and cohort.
•Technological and phenolic maturities of white and red grapes have been studied.•Methodology for recording and processing hyperespectral images has been developed.•Calibration models have been ...developed from reference and hyperespectral data.•These models present a good potential for a fast screening of these parameters.
Hyperspectral images of intact grapes during ripening were recorded using a near infrared hyperspectral imaging system (900–1700nm). Spectral data have been correlated with grape skin total phenolic concentration, sugar concentration, titratable acidity and pH by modified partial least squares regression (MPLS) using a number of spectral pre-treatments and different sets of calibration. The obtained results (RSQ and SEP, respectively) for the global model of red and white grape samples were: 0.89 and 1.23mgg−1 of grape skin for total phenolic concentration, 0.99 and 1.37 °Brix for sugar concentration, 0.98 and 3.88gL−1 for titratable acidity and for pH 0.94 and 0.12. Moreover, separate calibration models for red and white grape samples were also developed. The obtained results present a good potential for a fast and reasonably inexpensive screening of these parameters in intact grapes and therefore, for a fast control of technological and phenolic maturity.
Objective
To analyse time trends in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) mortality and explore possible provincial clustering of SLE mortality in Spain (2001–2020).
Methods
We conducted an ecological ...study using deaths registered in SLE at the Spanish National Institute of Statistics between 2001 and 2020. Jointpoint regression models have been used to evaluate temporal trends. To analyse the spatial pattern of SLE mortality in men and women in Spain, crude rates, age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs), smooth relative risk (RR) and posterior probabilities (PP) for RR greater than one for the period 2001–2020 were calculated. The Global Moran I index was used to assess the existence of global spatial autocorrelation. Local indicators of spatial association (LISA) and Kulldorff’s spatial scan statistic were used to identify clusters.
Results
Over the 20 years analyzed in this study, the SLE average ASMR for the period was 2.7 for women and 0.7 for men, with a sex ratio (female/male) of 3.8. In men, no province showed a RR>1. Conversely, in women, eight provinces showed values of RR> 1 with a PP greater than 0.8 (Seville, Cadiz, Huelva and Murcia in the south, Barcelona, Zaragoza, Huesca and Leon in the north). In men, neither of the two methods detected a clustering of provinces. However, in women, both methods identified a cluster of provinces located in the southwest of the country (Huelva, Cádiz, Seville and Malaga) as a cluster with significant excess mortality. In the second cluster (centred on the province of Huelva) obtained with the Kulldorff method, two more provinces were added (Badajoz and Cordoba, also located in the southwest).
Conclusions
We detected a cluster of provinces with an excess risk of female SLE mortality in the southwest of Spain.
Acetylation of proteins seems a widespread process found in the three domains of life. Several studies have shown that besides histones, acetylation of lysine residues also occurs in non‐nuclear ...proteins. Hence, it has been suggested that this covalent modification is a mechanism that might regulate diverse metabolic pathways by modulating enzyme activity, stability, and/or subcellular localization or interaction with other proteins. However, protein acetylation levels seem to have low correlation with modification of enzyme activity and pathway fluxes. In addition, the results obtained with mutant enzymes that presumably mimic acetylation have frequently been over‐interpreted. Moreover, there is a generalized lack of rigorous enzyme kinetic analysis in parallel to acetylation level determinations. The purpose of this review is to analyze the current findings on the impact of acetylation on metabolic enzymes and its repercussion on metabolic pathways function/regulation.
Aims
To systematically describe the factors influencing the perception of feeling safe among patients receiving pre‐hospital emergency care.
Background
Patient safety is a top priority worldwide. ...Little is known about how patients perceive safety during emergency health care and what the related factors are.
Design
A mixed‐methods systematic review.
Methods
Six databases were searched to December 2021. Inclusion criteria were as follows: studies with patients of any age, framed in pre‐hospital emergency care settings, referring to patient safety, addressing the perception of safety, and with a quantitative or qualitative research design. Exclusion criteria were as follows: conference records, s, supplements, letters, editorials and reviews. The quality of the evidence was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklists. A convergent integrated approach was followed according to the JBI methodology. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022306337). PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed in reporting this review.
Results
Among the 5223 records identified, the whole texts of 35 articles were reviewed. Ten studies were relevant to the research question. Seven followed a qualitative methodology, with interviews or focus group. Three involved a quantitative methodology, with questionnaires or validated measures. The 74 findings were organised into 11 categories and then grouped into four dimensions: ‘receiving a satisfying response from healthcare professionals when I need it’, ‘EMS personnel's professional competence’, ‘the variable and unfamiliar settings of pre‐hospital emergencies’, and ‘patients’ personal characteristics'.
Conclusions
The perception of safety is influenced by many factors, which can be grouped into four independent dimensions. Quantitative and qualitative studies can provide us with complementary findings.
Relevance to Clinical Practice
Awareness of these factors enables us to act upon them. When patients feel safe their health outcomes improve, their anxiety decreases and they collaborate more actively.
No Patient or Public Contribution
Patients and caregivers shared their experiences in the articles included.
Under physiological conditions, cells produce low basal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, in pathologic conditions ROS production increases dramatically, generating high ...concentrations of toxic unsaturated aldehydes. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are responsible for detoxification of these aldehydes protecting the cell. Due to the physiological relevance of these enzymes, it is important to design strategies to modulate their activity. It was previously reported that omeprazole activation of ALDH1A1 protected Escherichia coli cells overexpressing this enzyme, from oxidative stress generated by H2O2. In this work, omeprazole cell protection potential was evaluated in eukaryotic cells. AS‐30D cell or hepatocyte suspensions were subjected to a treatment with omeprazole and exposure to light (that is required to activate omeprazole in the active site of ALDH) and then exposed to H2O2. Cells showed viability similar to control cells, total activity of ALDH was preserved, while cell levels of lipid aldehydes and oxidative stress markers were maintained low. Cell protection by omeprazole was avoided by inhibition of ALDHs with disulfiram, revealing the key role of these enzymes in the protection. Additionally, omeprazole also preserved ALDH2 (mitochondrial isoform) activity, diminishing lipid aldehyde levels and oxidative stress in this organelle, protecting mitochondrial respiration and transmembrane potential formation capacity, from the stress generated by H2O2. These results highlight the important role of ALDHs as part of the antioxidant system of the cell, since if the activity of these enzymes decreases under stress conditions, the viability of the cell is compromised.
Treatment of AS‐30D cells and isolated hepatocytes with omeprazole, and exposure to light to activate ALDH, promotes protection from oxidative stress damage by avoiding cell lipid aldehyde accumulation. This protection is not only due to enzyme activation, but also due to the protection of ALDHs from inactivation by lipid aldehydes. The results of this work highlight the role of ALDHs as an important part of the antioxidant system of the cell.
The use of sensors in critical areas for human development such as water, food, and health has increased in recent decades. When the sensor uses biological recognition, it is known as a biosensor. ...Nowadays, the development of biosensors has been increased due to the need for reliable, fast, and sensitive techniques for the detection of multiple analytes. In recent years, with the advancement in nanotechnology within biocatalysis, enzyme-based biosensors have been emerging as reliable, sensitive, and selectively tools. A wide variety of enzyme biosensors has been developed by detecting multiple analytes. In this way, together with technological advances in areas such as biotechnology and materials sciences, different modalities of biosensors have been developed, such as bi-enzymatic biosensors and nanozyme biosensors. Furthermore, the use of more than one enzyme within the same detection system leads to bi-enzymatic biosensors or multi-enzyme sensors. The development and synthesis of new materials with enzyme-like properties have been growing, giving rise to nanozymes, considered a promising tool in the biosensor field due to their multiple advantages. In this review, general views and a comparison describing the advantages and disadvantages of each enzyme-based biosensor modality, their possible trends and the principal reported applications will be presented.
Nanotechnology has transformed the science behind many biotechnological sectors, and applied bio-catalysis is not the exception. In 2017, the enzyme industry was valued at more than 7 billion USD and ...projected to 10.5 billion by 2024. The laccase enzyme is an oxidoreductase capable of oxidizing phenolic and non-phenolic compounds that have been considered an essential tool in the fields currently known as white biotechnology and green chemistry. Laccase is one of the most robust biocatalysts due to its wide applications in different environmental processes such as detecting and treating chemical pollutants and dyes and pharmaceutical removal. However, these biocatalytic processes are usually limited by the lack of stability of the enzyme, the half-life time, and the application feasibility at an industrial scale. Physical or chemical approaches have performed different laccase's immobilization methods to improve its catalytic properties and reuse. Emerging technologies have been proven to reduce the manufacturing process cost and increase application feasibility while looking for ecological and economical materials that can be used as support. Therefore, this review discusses the trends of enzyme immobilization recently studied, analyzing biomaterials and agro-industrial waste used for that intention, their advantages, and disadvantages. Finally, the work also highlights the performance obtained with these materials and current challenges and potential alternatives.
Display omitted
•Biobased materials are a potential alternative for laccase immobilization.•Agro-industrial waste supports for the immobilization favors a circular economy.•New immobilization techniques have been reported and discussed herein.
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