A fascinating read on the power of youth protest, Children of Communism shows what life was like for the first generation to have been born under communism and how one evening spent grieving rock and ...roll under a tree forever changed lives.
The Great War and Trianon opened a new chapter in the history, not only of the Kingdom of Hungary, but also of Western Hungary. Besides dividing up the counties of Sopron, Moson and Vas, the newly ...re-drawn borders also split up most of the railway lines running within them as well. From the territory sliced from the three counties, the previously non-existent province of Austria, Burgenland, was established in 1922. In many cases, the new demarcation lines followed boundaries of old districts or settlements, but it was rare to find natural boundaries among them. As a result, between the two World Wars, the use of the affected railway tracks began to change similar to several contemporary Central European cases, with the exception of GYSEV (Győr–Sopron–Ebenfurth Railway Company), which could remain in its original form. This research paper aims to examine how the shift of borders in this region affected railway transport. It is based on the local historical literature on the railway, regional history and primary resources.
Generally, optimum welding variables and conditions of manufacturing are currently mainly determined by experiments for standardized production. Virtual manufacturing and virtual testing of weldments ...using finite element method provide a sustainable solution for advanced applications. The aim of the current research work is to develop a weld process model, using a three-dimensional heat transfer model, to ensure general applicability for typical joints of stator segments of wind turbines as a final application. A systematic experimental research program, containing temperature measurements during welding, macrographs, and deformation measurements, is carried out on small-scale test specimens using different welding variables. In addition, a numerical study using uncoupled transient thermomechanical analysis is performed. The weld process model uses Goldak’s double ellipsoidal heat source model for a metal active gas welding power source. It describes the correspondence between heat source parameters and net heat input for two types of electrodes. The model is validated via cross-sectional areas of fusion zones and deformations based on experiments. The relationship between current and voltage is determined based on large number of experimental data; thus, selecting a wire type, travel speed, and voltage directly defines the heat source parameters of the weld process model.
This article considers the history, genesis and character of youth subcultures and gangs in socialist Hungary. From the 1950s through to the 1970s, particular attention is given to the role of ...official discourses in the construction of identities and youth cultures. The article discusses how 'eastern' youth perceived the 'West', how their relationship with 'western culture' was officially represented and the parallels between the construction of 'moral panics' in eastern and western Europe. From the jampec (spivs) in the 1950s to the Great Tree Gang of the late 1960s - 'the most notorious gang in Budapest' - the article illuminates the ways in which patchwork identities were constructed with the language and images of official discourse and performed in ways which developed generational and social identities. It concludes by emphasizing the tension between the aspirations of 'autonomy-seeking' youth and the uniform role ascribed to youth in socialist discourse and how this was officially cast as the differentiation between the 'capitalist West' and the 'socialist East'.
The tribological behaviour—friction, wear and lubrication—of machine elements highly depends on the operating state and also on the original topography of the working pair. Wear tests and 3D surface ...roughness measurements were carried out to analyse the effect of surface topography in friction and wear between ground steel specimens of various machining directions and different surface quality levels and a ferodo sliding pair. Three different techniques were used for surface topography evaluation: a parameter-based technique, a slicing method, and power spectral density analysis. Several parameters were found to be sensitive to surface wear phenomena; their changes indicate, among other things, surface platoing or the appearance of dominant scratches. The peak angle and height of asperities convey important information on numerous tribological changes. Power spectral density (PSD) analysis shows that the result of changes in the topography is an ‘equilibrium’ surface.
In 1958, Nikita Khrushchev, the first secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, raised this question at the eighth congress of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, usually known ...as Komsomol.¹ In order to offer an answer to this question, however, it was first necessary to determine what the term hooligan actually meant. From time to time, efforts were made to do this in order to justify the measures taken by the state to pursue and apprehend alleged hooligans. It was necessary to define, redefine, and remake the image of the hooligan to convince the public that hooligans
PROTEST IN A DIARY Horváth, Sándor
Children of Communism,
03/2022
Book Chapter
In August 1968, an article in Ifjúsági Magazin, one of the most popular periodicals of the socialist tabloid press in Hungary, offered the following characterization of Duck (Kacsa—mentioned in ...chaps. 1 and 2), who at the time was sixteen years old: “The Gellért Hill hermit. Lanky, awkward, his motions clumsy, never knows what to do with his hands. Has several days of beard stubble and curly hair dangling to the nape of his neck. He’s 16 years old and his light-blue eyes persistently well with tears. Two sateen patches on his unbelievably dirty pair of jeans and eight real
YOUTH PROTECTION Horváth, Sándor
Children of Communism,
03/2022
Book Chapter
The police were able to cast Big Kennedy as the leader of the Great Tree Gang in part because they could claim to have found an attachment in his past to the events of 1956 and in part because he had ...grown up in the care of the state. He believed that he was made the principal defendant simply because the police needed to identify a leader of the gang.¹
The creation of the first file on the Great Tree Gang was tied to his arrest, and he was mentioned specifically in the first few sentences of the file, with
Captain Kovács, head of the criminal division of the district police, protagonist of a 1975 Hungarian crime novel by Kálmán Tolnai entitled A Mohikángaleri (The Mohikan-gang), said as he wove through ...the crowds headed this way and that in the morning jumble of the underpass: “—I’ll have a lovely old age, because I began young! … Then his glance fell on the little group of youths standing by one of the columns, gaudily dressed kids with grubby, matted hair who were making an earsplitting racket.—I’d love to go over and check their identity papers.”¹
The protagonist, rather than
GIRL IN THE GANG Horváth, Sándor
Children of Communism,
03/2022
Book Chapter
“And then she said that, as a fan of the OMEGA band, she took part regularly in the band’s events, where she met with the members of the gang. As she said, in the institution they were given a chance ...to go out three times a week. Of late, she has only taken advantage of the chance to leave on Sundays.” These remarks, a negative characterization of Anna R., are from notes taken by policeman István Bereczki in Budapest on March 3, 1970, four days before Anna’s seventeenth birthday. The text seems credible, given that Anna, whose friends usually referred
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