Energy crisis is one of the most urgent and critical issues in our modern society. Currently, there is an increasing demand for efficient, low‐cost, light‐weight, flexible and environmentally benign, ...small‐, medium‐, and large‐scale energy storage devices, which can be used to power smart grids, portable electronic devices, and electric vehicles. Novel electrode materials, with a high energy density at high power are urgently needed for realizing high‐performance energy storage devices. The recent development in the field of 2D materials, including both graphene and other layered systems, has shown promise for a wide range of applications. In particular, graphene analogues, due to their remarkable electrochemical properties, have shown great potential in energy‐related applications. This review aims at providing an overview of current research and important advances on the development of 2D materials beyond graphene for supercapacitors and batteries. The major challenges to be tackled, and more generally the future directions in the field, are also highlighted.
Graphene analogues (GAs) with remarkable electrochemical properties show great potential in energy‐related applications. Here, an overview of current research and important advances on the development of 2D materials beyond graphene for supercapacitors and batteries is provided. The major challenges to be tackled, and more generally the future directions in the field, are also highlighted.
Aim and objective
To explore nurses’ experiences regarding shift patterns while providing front‐line care for COVID‐19 patients in isolation wards of hospitals in Shanghai and Wuhan during the novel ...coronavirus pandemic. Our findings will help to optimise shift work scheduling, use the existing nursing workforce more efficiently and improve nursing quality.
Background
Nurses are one of the main professionals fighting against COVID‐19. Providing care for COVID‐19 patients is challenging. In isolation wards, the workload has increased, and the workflow and shift patterns are completely different from the usual. More importantly, there is a shortage of nurses. Therefore, it is essential and urgent to arrange nurses’ shifts correctly and use the existing workforce resources efficiently.
Design
A qualitative descriptive study of 14 nurses in Chinese hospitals was conducted.
Methods
Semi‐structured interviews were used based on the phenomenological research method; data were analysed using Colaizzi's method of data analysis. This study aligns with the COREQ checklist.
Results
Four themes were extracted: assess the competency of nurses to assign nursing work scientifically and reasonably, reorganise nursing workflow to optimise shift patterns, communicate between managers and front‐line nurses to humanise shift patterns, and nurses’ various feelings and views on shift patterns.
Conclusion
It is necessary to arrange shift patterns scientifically and allocate workforce rationally to optimise nursing workforce allocation, reduce nurses’ workload, improve nursing quality and promote physical and mental health among nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Relevance to clinical practice
This study emphasised nurses’ experiences on shift patterns in isolation wards, providing useful information to manage shift patterns. Nursing managers should arrange shifts scientifically, allocate nursing workforce rationally, formulate emergency plans and establish emergency response rosters during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
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•Surface and bulk oxygen vacancies were formed depending on the annealing conditions.•Surface oxygen vacancy can expand light absorption and improve charge separation.•SETOV led to ...visible light absorption, while played as the recombination center.•TiO2 with two kinds of oxygen vacancies exhibited different photocatalytic mechanism.
The surface and bulk oxygen vacancy have a prominent effect on the photocatalytic performance of TiO2. In this study, TiO2 possessing different types and concentration of oxygen vacancies were prepared by annealing nanotube titanic acid (NTA) at various temperatures in air or vacuum atmosphere. TiO2 with the unitary bulk single-electron-trapped oxygen vacancies (SETOVs) formed when NTA were calcined in air. Whereas, TiO2 with both bulk and surface oxygen vacancies were obtained when NTA were annealed in vacuum. The series of TiO2 with different oxygen vacancies were systematically characterized by TEM, XRD, PL, XPS, ESR, and TGA. The PL and ESR analysis verified that surface oxygen vacancies and more bulk oxygen vacancies could form in vacuum atmosphere. Surface oxygen vacancies can trap electron and hinder the recombination of photo-generated charges, while bulk SETOVs act as the recombination center. The surface or bulk oxygen vacancies attributed different roles on the photo-absorbance and activity, leading that the sample of NTA-A400 displayed higher hydrogen evolution rate under UV light, whereas NTA-V400 displayed higher hydrogen evolution rate under visible light because bulk SETOVs can improve visible light absorption because sub-band formed by bulk SETOVs prompted the secondary transition of electron excited.
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a one of the subtypes of breast cancer which accounts for approximately 10–20% of all breast cancers. LncRNA XIST (XIST) is reported to be dysfunctional in ...numerous tumor types and is involved in the key pathways of cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. Thus, in the present study, we explored the detailed molecular mechanism of XIST in TNBC. XIST was down-regulated in TNBC tissues and cell lines. Overexpressed XIST inhibited cell proliferation, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and induced apoptosis
in vitro
as well as suppressed TNBC tumor growth
in vivo
. MicroRNA (miR)-454 was up-regulated in TNBC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of miR-454 inhibited TNBC progression by suppressing cell proliferation, EMT and inducing cell apoptosis. Moreover, miR-454 was predicted and confirmed to be a target of XIST, and rescue assay indicated that overexpressed miR-454 could reverse XIST restoration mediated-anti-tumor effects on TNBC cells. In conclusion, XIST interacts with miR-454 to inhibit cells proliferation, EMT and induce apoptosis in TNBC, indicating a promising treatment strategy for TNBC patients.
The AlFeCoNiBx (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.2) high entropy alloys are prepared by vacuum arc melting. The effect of B on the microstructure and mechanical behaviors of the alloys are systematically ...investigated. X-Ray Diffraction results and Electro-Probe Microanalyzer results show that small amount of B atoms are dissolved into B2 matrix and the other B atoms result in the formation of FCC phase. The addition of B content leads to transformation of microstructure from pure B2 phase to “B2 phase + particle FCC structure” and then to “B2 phase + eutectic structure”. Eutectic structure consists of FCC1 phase and FCC2 phase. FCC1 phase is rich in Co and Ni and FCC2 phase is rich in B, Fe and Co. With the increase of B content, grain size of B2 phase firstly reduce and then increase. By increasing the B content from 0 to 0.2, fracture strength and plastic strain increase from 850 MPa to 2293 MPa and 0.07 to 0.27 respectively. The increase of yield strength is due to the solid solution strengthening and fine grain strengthening of boron atom. While, the increase of plasticity is due to the formation of FCC eutectic structure.
•The results show that small amount of B are dissolved into matrix and the other B atoms result in the formation of FCC phase.•when the B content is 0.15, grain size of B2 phase and eutectic structure is smallest, which means that a suitable amount of B can not only refine eutectic structure but also refine grain size.•By increasing the B content from 0 to 0.2, the yield strength, fracture strength and plastic strain increase from 805 MPa to 1253 MPa, 850 MPa to2293 MPa and 0.07 to 0.27 respectively.
Background
In extant literature, the concept of social isolation has been explored primarily in the context of older adults. However, people with cancer may also experience social isolation, and ...there is a need for increased clarity regarding this phenomenon in this population.
Objective
To conceptualize social isolation in adult cancer care.
Methods
PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database were systematically searched using the key terms “cancer,” “social isolation,” “social alienation,” and “social exclusion” for studies (from the earliest date available to June 2022). The main disciplines involved were psychology, nursing, medicine, and public health. Rodgers’ evolutionary concept analysis was employed to clarify the antecedents, attributes, and consequences of social isolation in adults with cancer.
Results
A total of 60 eligible articles were reviewed entirely and the main findings were categorized into antecedents, attributes, and consequences. The antecedents of social isolation were classified into six categories: cancer-related physiological changes, cognitive beliefs, psychological wellbeing, unsatisfactory social supports or relationships, restrictions associated with receiving treatments, and social-level barriers. Attributes were characterized according to behavior or social avoidance and negative affective experiences, while consequences were attributed to low therapeutic compliance, poor health conditions and mental health problems, and low quality of life. White’s heuristic model is a potential theoretical context applicable to social isolation in adults with cancer.
Conclusion
This concept analysis provides a basis for developing multidimensional assessment tools and measures to alleviate social isolation in adults with cancer, a complex and varied phenomenon. However, while this review contributes to the current knowledge on social isolation in people with cancer, studies should further investigate the relationships among attributes associated with social isolation.
Reversible noninvasive control over the generation of singlet oxygen is demonstrated in a bicomponent system comprising a diarylethene photochromic switch and a porphyrin photosensitizer by selective ...irradiation at distinct wavelengths. The efficient generation of singlet oxygen by the photosensitizer is observed when the diarylethene unit is in the colorless open form. Singlet oxygen generation is not observed when the diarylethene is converted to the closed form. Irradiation of the closed form with visible light (>470 nm) leads to full recovery of the singlet oxygen generating ability of the porphyrin sensitizer.
It is of growing concern that supervisors sometimes engage in destructive leadership behavior to undermine their subordinates, which exacts a psychological toll on these employees. How can employees ...mitigate and overcome the adverse psychological effects of supervisor undermining? Invoking theories of personal agency and social competencies, this study addresses this important question by examining the effectiveness of employee voice in buffering the adverse effects of supervisor undermining on employee work-related well-being and turnover intention. Through a three-wave field study, we found that voice plays a buffering role in the relationship between supervisor undermining and these outcome variables only when employees possess high levels of political skill (i.e., three-way interactions), and that this buffering effect is realized through mitigating the adverse effects of supervisor undermining on employee psychological empowerment. In contrast, when employees possess low levels of political skill, engaging in high levels of voice exacerbates the detrimental effects of supervisor undermining on employee psychological empowerment, and subsequently decreases employee work-related well-being and heightens employee turnover intention. The theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed.
Ochratoxin A (OTA), frequently existing in the food and feeds, could induce immunotoxicity. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), as a primary causative agent of porcine circovirus–associated disease, ...also could induce immunosuppression. However, it is still unknown whether PCV2 infection impacts OTA-induced immunotoxicity. The pigs and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) were used as the model in the present experiment. The results in vivo indicated that PCV2 infection exacerbated OTA-induced immunotoxicity, NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, and TLR4 and MyD88 mRNA and protein expression in spleen. The results in vitro showed that OTA at 7.0 and 9.0 μM decreased cell viability and increased LDH release of PAMs without PCV2 infection. However, with PCV2 infection, OTA at 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 μM significantly decreased cell viability and increased LDH release compared with absence of PCV2 infection. In addition, OTA at 5.0 and 7.0 μM significantly increased Annexin V/PI-positive rate, apoptosis of nuclear, γ-H2AX foci, IL-1α and TNF-α expression in PAMs with PCV2 infection compared with absence of PCV2 infection. In addition, PCV2 infection enhanced OTA-induced TLR4 and MyD88 mRNA and protein expression and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation. Knockdown of TLR4 alleviated the exacerbating effects of PCV2 infection on OTA-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis and DNA damage in PAMs. These results indicated that PCV2 infection aggravated OTA-induced immunotoxicity and reduced the dose of OTA-induced immunotoxicity via TLR4/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway, which could provide basis for establishing limits for OTA.
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•PCV2 infection aggravated OTA-induced immunotoxicity in pigs and PAMs.•PCV2 infection aggravated OTA-induced TLR4/ NF-κB p65 signaling pathway in pigs and PAMs.•TLR4-siRNA eliminated the aggravating effects of PCV2 infection on OTA-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis and DNA damage.•PCV2 infection aggravated OTA-induced immunotoxicity by promoting TLR/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway.
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