Cycloadditions, such as the 4+2 Diels-Alder reaction to form six-membered rings, are among the most powerful and widely used methods in synthetic chemistry. The analogous 2+2 alkene cycloaddition to ...synthesize cyclobutanes is kinetically accessible by photochemical methods, but the substrate scope and functional group tolerance are limited. Here, we report iron-catalyzed intermolecular 2+2 cycloaddition of unactivated alkenes and cross cycloaddition of alkenes and dienes as regio- and stereoselective routes to cyclobutanes. Through rational ligand design, development of this base metal–catalyzed method expands the chemical space accessible from abundant hydrocarbon feedstocks.
Asymmetric hydrogenation of alkenes is one of the most widely used methods for the preparation of single enantiomer compounds, especially in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. For more ...than four decades, precious metal complexes containing rhodium, iridium, and ruthenium have been predominantly used as catalysts. Here, we report rapid evaluation of libraries of chiral phosphine ligands with a set of simple cobalt precursors. From these studies, base metal precatalysts have been discovered for the hydrogénation of functionalized and unfunctionalized olefins with high enantiomeric excesses, demonstrating the potential utility of more earth-abundant metals in asymmetric hydrogenation.
The reactivity of the disubstituted diazoalkane, N 2 CPh 2 with a family of bis(imino)pyridine iron dinitrogen complexes was examined. For the most sterically protected member of the series, ( iPr ...PDI)Fe(N 2 ) 2 ( iPr PDI = 2,6-(2,6- i Pr 2 C 6 H 3 NCMe) 2 C 5 H 3 N), an S = 1 iron diazoalkane complex was obtained and structurally characterized. Reducing the size of the 2,6-aryl substituents to ethyl or methyl groups resulted in isolation of bis(imino)pyridine iron carbene complexes. Magnetic measurements established S = 1 ground states, demonstrating rare examples of iron carbenes in a weak ligand field. Electronic structure determination using metrical parameters from X-ray diffraction as well as Mössbauer, XAS and computational data established high-spin iron( ii ) compounds engaged in antiferromagnetic coupling with redox-active bis(imino)pyridine and carbene radicals.
The electronic structures of the four- and five-coordinate aryl-substituted bis(imino)pyridine iron dinitrogen complexes, ((iPr)PDI)FeN(2) and ((iPr)PDI)Fe(N(2))(2) ((iPr)PDI = ...2,6-(2,6-(i)Pr(2)-C(6)H(3)-N=CMe)(2)C(5)H(3)N), have been investigated by a combination of spectroscopic techniques (NMR, Mössbauer, X-ray Absorption, and X-ray Emission) and DFT calculations. Homologation of the imine methyl backbone to ethyl or isopropyl groups resulted in the preparation of the new bis(imino)pyridine iron dinitrogen complexes, ((iPr)RPDI)FeN(2) ((iPr)RPDI = 2,6-(2,6-(i)Pr(2)-C(6)H(3)-N=CR)(2)C(5)H(3)N; R = Et, (i)Pr), that are exclusively four coordinate both in the solid state and in solution. The spectroscopic and computational data establish that the ((iPr)RPDI)FeN(2) compounds are intermediate spin ferrous derivatives (S(Fe) = 1) antiferromagnetically coupled to bis(imino)pyridine triplet diradical dianions (S(PDI) = 1). While this ground state description is identical to that previously reported for ((iPr)PDI)Fe(DMAP) (DMAP = 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine) and other four-coordinate iron compounds with principally σ-donating ligands, the d-orbital energetics determine the degree of coupling of the metal-chelate magnetic orbitals resulting in different NMR spectroscopic behavior. For ((iPr)RPDI)Fe(DMAP) and related compounds, this coupling is strong and results in temperature independent paramagnetism where a triplet excited state mixes with the singlet ground state via spin orbit coupling. In the ((iPr)RPDI)FeN(2) family, one of the iron singly occupied molecular orbitals (SOMOs) is essentially d(z(2)) in character resulting in poor overlap with the magnetic orbitals of the chelate, leading to thermal population of the triplet state and hence temperature dependent NMR behavior. The electronic structures of ((iPr)RPDI)FeN(2) and ((iPr)PDI)Fe(DMAP) differ from ((iPr)PDI)Fe(N(2))(2), a highly covalent molecule with a redox noninnocent chelate that is best described as a resonance hybrid between iron(0) and iron(II) canonical forms as originally proposed in 2004.
Three iron(II) complexes, Fe(TPMA)(BIM)(ClO(4))(2)⋅0.5H(2)O (1), Fe(TPMA)(XBIM)(ClO(4))(2) (2), and Fe(TPMA)(XBBIM)(ClO(4))(2)⋅0.75CH(3)OH (3), were prepared by reactions of Fe(II) perchlorate and ...the corresponding ligands (TPMA=tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, BIM=2,2'-biimidazole, XBIM=1,1'-(α,α'-o-xylyl)-2,2'-biimidazole, XBBIM=1,1'-(α,α'-o-xylyl)-2,2'-bibenzimidazole). The compounds were investigated by a combination of X-ray crystallography, magnetic and photomagnetic measurements, and Mössbauer and optical absorption spectroscopy. Complex 1 exhibits a gradual spin crossover (SCO) with T(1/2) =190 K, whereas 2 exhibits an abrupt SCO with approximately 7 K thermal hysteresis (T(1/2) =196 K on cooling and 203 K on heating). Complex 3 is in the high-spin state in the 2-300 K range. The difference in the magnetic behavior was traced to differences between the inter- and intramolecular interactions in 1 and 2. The crystal packing of 2 features a hierarchy of intermolecular interactions that result in increased cooperativity and abruptness of the spin transition. In 3, steric repulsion between H atoms of one of the pyridyl substituents of TPMA and one of the benzene rings of XBBIM results in a strong distortion of the Fe(II) coordination environment, which stabilizes the high-spin state of the complex. Both 1 and 2 exhibit a photoinduced low-spin to high-spin transition (LIESST effect) at 5 K. The difference in the character of intermolecular interactions of 1 and 2 also manifests in the kinetics of the decay of the photoinduced high-spin state. For 1, the decay rate constant follows the single-exponential law, whereas for 2 it is a stretched exponential, reflecting the hierarchical nature of intermolecular contacts. The structural parameters of the photoinduced high-spin state at 50 K are similar to those determined for the high-spin state at 295 K. This study shows that N-alkylation of BIM has a negligible effect on the ligand field strength. Therefore, the combination of TPMA and BIM offers a promising ligand platform for the design of functionalized SCO complexes.
Translational research requires data at multiple scales of biological organization. Advancements in sequencing and multi-omics technologies have increased the availability of these data, but ...researchers face significant integration challenges. Knowledge graphs (KGs) are used to model complex phenomena, and methods exist to construct them automatically. However, tackling complex biomedical integration problems requires flexibility in the way knowledge is modeled. Moreover, existing KG construction methods provide robust tooling at the cost of fixed or limited choices among knowledge representation models. PheKnowLator (Phenotype Knowledge Translator) is a semantic ecosystem for automating the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) construction of ontologically grounded KGs with fully customizable knowledge representation. The ecosystem includes KG construction resources (e.g., data preparation APIs), analysis tools (e.g., SPARQL endpoint resources and abstraction algorithms), and benchmarks (e.g., prebuilt KGs). We evaluated the ecosystem by systematically comparing it to existing open-source KG construction methods and by analyzing its computational performance when used to construct 12 different large-scale KGs. With flexible knowledge representation, PheKnowLator enables fully customizable KGs without compromising performance or usability.
Three iron(II) complexes, Fe(TPMA)(BIM)(ClO4)2⋅0.5H2O (1), Fe(TPMA)(XBIM)(ClO4)2 (2), and Fe(TPMA)(XBBIM)(ClO4)2 ⋅0.75CH3OH (3), were prepared by reactions of FeII perchlorate and the corresponding ...ligands (TPMA=tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine, BIM=2,2′‐biimidazole, XBIM=1,1′‐(α,α′‐o‐xylyl)‐2,2′‐biimidazole, XBBIM=1,1′‐(α,α′‐o‐xylyl)‐2,2′‐bibenzimidazole). The compounds were investigated by a combination of X‐ray crystallography, magnetic and photomagnetic measurements, and Mössbauer and optical absorption spectroscopy. Complex 1 exhibits a gradual spin crossover (SCO) with T1/2=190 K, whereas 2 exhibits an abrupt SCO with approximately 7 K thermal hysteresis (T1/2=196 K on cooling and 203 K on heating). Complex 3 is in the high‐spin state in the 2–300 K range. The difference in the magnetic behavior was traced to differences between the inter‐ and intramolecular interactions in 1 and 2. The crystal packing of 2 features a hierarchy of intermolecular interactions that result in increased cooperativity and abruptness of the spin transition. In 3, steric repulsion between H atoms of one of the pyridyl substituents of TPMA and one of the benzene rings of XBBIM results in a strong distortion of the FeII coordination environment, which stabilizes the high‐spin state of the complex. Both 1 and 2 exhibit a photoinduced low‐spin to high‐spin transition (LIESST effect) at 5 K. The difference in the character of intermolecular interactions of 1 and 2 also manifests in the kinetics of the decay of the photoinduced high‐spin state. For 1, the decay rate constant follows the single‐exponential law, whereas for 2 it is a stretched exponential, reflecting the hierarchical nature of intermolecular contacts. The structural parameters of the photoinduced high‐spin state at 50 K are similar to those determined for the high‐spin state at 295 K. This study shows that N‐alkylation of BIM has a negligible effect on the ligand field strength. Therefore, the combination of TPMA and BIM offers a promising ligand platform for the design of functionalized SCO complexes.
Persistent spin‐crossover: Heteroleptic spin‐crossover complexes of FeII were prepared by using a combination of tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine and either 2,2′‐biimidazole (BIM) or its alkylated derivatives. This set of ligands provides a promising platform for the preparation of spin‐crossover complexes because N‐alkylation of BIM has negligible effect on the ligand field strength. An abrupt spin transition with thermal hysteresis and LIESST effect were observed for the complex with alkylated BIM.
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