Absorbers with lightweight, low filler loading and broad absorption band are highly desirable for electromagnetic wave absorption field. Here, hollow Co1–xS microspheres constructed by nanosheets are ...fabricated via a facile synthetic method based on hydrothermal route. As an efficient wave absorber, the Co1–xS hollow spheres demonstrate excellent microwave absorption performance. With a weight content of only 3 wt%, the maximum reflection loss (RL) can reach as strong as −46.1 dB at 13.92 GHz and its qualified frequency bandwidth (with RL value over −10 dB) remarkably achieves 5.6 GHz, covering 35% of the entire measured bandwidth. In addition, compared with other cobalt sulfides (such as CoS2 and Co9S8), the Co1–xS microspheres with hollow structure exhibit more superior absorption intensity and broader qualified bandwidth. Therefore, this work provides a promising approach for the design and synthesis of hollow Co1–xS microspheres with lightweight and high‐performance microwave absorption.
The hollow Co1–xS microspheres with understanding microwave absorption performance are successfully fabricated through a facile hydrothermal route. The RLmax can reach to −46.1 dB at 13.92 GHz with an ultralow filler loading (3 wt%) and the effective frequency bandwidth is up to 5.6 GHz. Moreover, the possible wave absorption mechanism is also depicted comprehensively in this article.
Taxol
, an antitumor drug with significant activity, is the first microtubule stabilizing agent described in the literature. This short review of the mechanism of action of Taxol
emphasizes the ...research done in the Horwitz' laboratory. It discusses the contribution of photoaffinity labeled analogues of Taxol
toward our understanding of the binding site of the drug on the microtubule. The importance of hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments to further our insights into the stabilization of microtubules by Taxol
is addressed. The development of drug resistance, a major problem that arises in the clinic, is discussed. Studies describing differential drug binding to distinct β-tubulin isotypes are presented. Looking forward, it is suggested that the β-tubulin isotype content of a tumor may influence its responses to Taxol
.
Fredrickson and Roberts (1997) proposed objectification theory as an integrative framework for understanding how women's socialization and experiences of sexual objectification are translated into ...mental health problems. This article reviews the past decade of research grounded in objectification theory and highlights needed directions for future scholarship in this area. Specifically, this article reviews research organized according to the following themes: (a) self-objectification and its proposed consequences, (b) sexual objectification experiences as a proposed precursor, and (c) disconnections from bodily functions. An overview of emerging objectification theory research with men is also provided. The review concludes with needed directions for future theoretical and research efforts aimed to advance the psychology of women.
A pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection broke out all over the world; however, epidemiological data and viral shedding in pediatric patients are limited. ...We conducted a retrospective, multicenter study, and followed‐up with all children from the families with SARS‐CoV‐2 infected members in Zhejiang Province, China. All infections were confirmed by testing the SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA with real‐time reverse transcription PCR method, and epidemiological data between children and adults in the same families were compared. Effect of antiviral therapy was evaluated observationally and fecal‐viral excretion times among groups with different antiviral regiments were compared with Kaplan‐Meier plot. By 29 February 2020, 1298 cases from 883 families were confirmed with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and 314 of which were families with children. Incidence of infection in child close contacts was significantly lower than that in adult contacts (13.2% vs 21.2%). The mean age of 43 pediatric cases was 8.2 years and mean incubation period was 9.1 days. Forty (93.0%) were family clustering. Thirty‐three children had coronavirus disease 2019 (20 pneumonia) with mild symptoms and 10 were asymptomatic. Fecal SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA detection was positive in 91.4% (32/35) cases and some children had viral excretion time over 70 days. Viral clearance time was not different among the groups treated with different antiviral regiments. No subsequent infection was observed in family contacts of fecal‐viral‐excreting children. Children have lower susceptibility of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, longer incubation, and fecal‐viral excretion time. Positive results of fecal SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA detection were not used as indication for hospitalization or quarantine.
Highlights
Children had lower susceptibility for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection than adults.
Children had longer incubation period and fecal viral excretion time after infected by SARS‐CoV‐2.
Viral clearance time was not different among the groups treated with different antiviral regiments.
Children had milder clinical symptoms, better clinical outcome, and more common fecal viral excretion.
Positive results of fecal SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA detection are not used as indication for hospitalization or quarantine.
Summary
In nature, plants have to cope with a wide range of stress conditions that often occur simultaneously or in sequence. To investigate how plants cope with multi‐stress conditions, we analyzed ...the dynamics of whole‐transcriptome profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to six sequential double stresses inflicted by combinations of: (i) infection by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, (ii) herbivory by chewing larvae of Pieris rapae, and (iii) drought stress. Each of these stresses induced specific expression profiles over time, in which one‐third of all differentially expressed genes was shared by at least two single stresses. Of these, 394 genes were differentially expressed during all three stress conditions, albeit often in opposite directions. When two stresses were applied in sequence, plants displayed transcriptome profiles that were very similar to the second stress, irrespective of the nature of the first stress. Nevertheless, significant first‐stress signatures could be identified in the sequential stress profiles. Bioinformatic analysis of the dynamics of co‐expressed gene clusters highlighted specific clusters and biological processes of which the timing of activation or repression was altered by a prior stress. The first‐stress signatures in second stress transcriptional profiles were remarkably often related to responses to phytohormones, strengthening the notion that hormones are global modulators of interactions between different types of stress. Because prior stresses can affect the level of tolerance against a subsequent stress (e.g. prior herbivory strongly affected resistance to B. cinerea), the first‐stress signatures can provide important leads for the identification of molecular players that are decisive in the interactions between stress response pathways.
Significance Statement
Plants have to cope simultaneously with diverse and often interacting stresses. Here we analyzed the dynamics of whole genome transcriptome profiles of Arabidopsis plants in response to six combinations of sequential biotic and abiotic stresses. We found that the transcriptome profile of sequentially stressed plants is largely determined by the last stress encountered. First‐stress signatures in the second stress transcriptome provide leads to identify molecular players with decisive roles in positive or negative interactions between stress pathways.
Direct injection of cell‐laden hydrogels shows high potential for tissue regeneration in translational therapy. The traditional cell‐laden hydrogels are often used as bulk space fillers to tissue ...defects after injection, likely limiting their structural controllability. On the other hand, patterned cell‐laden hydrogel constructs often necessitate invasive surgical procedures. To overcome these problems, herein, a unique strategy is reported for encapsulating living human cells in a pore‐forming gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)‐based bioink to ultimately produce injectable hierarchically macro‐micro‐nanoporous cell‐laden GelMA hydrogel constructs through 3D extrusion bioprinting. The hydrogel constructs can be fabricated into various shapes and sizes that are defect‐specific. Due to the hierarchically macro‐micro‐nanoporous structures, the cell‐laden hydrogel constructs can readily recover to their original shapes, and sustain high cell viability, proliferation, spreading, and differentiation after compression and injection. In addition, in vivo studies further reveal that the hydrogel constructs can integrate well with the surrounding host tissues. These findings suggest that the unique 3D‐bioprinted pore‐forming GelMA hydrogel constructs are promising candidates for applications in minimally invasive tissue regeneration and cell therapy.
An aqueous two‐phase emulsion bioink is used to fabricate a hierarchically macro‐micro‐nanoporous cell‐laden gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel constructs via 3D extrusion bioprinting. A variety of shapes and sizes of the hydrogel constructs can be minimally invasively injected, and readily shape‐recovered to fill irregular defects. The encapsulated cells maintain their viabilities, proliferation, spreading, and differentiation after injection.
The continued threat of emerging, highly lethal infectious pathogens such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) calls for the development of novel vaccine technology that offers ...safe and effective prophylactic measures. Here, a novel nanoparticle vaccine is developed to deliver subunit viral antigens and STING agonists in a virus‐like fashion. STING agonists are first encapsulated into capsid‐like hollow polymeric nanoparticles, which show multiple favorable attributes, including a pH‐responsive release profile, prominent local immune activation, and reduced systemic reactogenicity. Upon subsequent antigen conjugation, the nanoparticles carry morphological semblance to native virions and facilitate codelivery of antigens and STING agonists to draining lymph nodes and immune cells for immune potentiation. Nanoparticle vaccine effectiveness is supported by the elicitation of potent neutralization antibody and antigen‐specific T cell responses in mice immunized with a MERS‐CoV nanoparticle vaccine candidate. Using a MERS‐CoV‐permissive transgenic mouse model, it is shown that mice immunized with this nanoparticle‐based MERS‐CoV vaccine are protected against a lethal challenge of MERS‐CoV without triggering undesirable eosinophilic immunopathology. Together, the biocompatible hollow nanoparticle described herein provides an excellent strategy for delivering both subunit vaccine candidates and novel adjuvants, enabling accelerated development of effective and safe vaccines against emerging viral pathogens.
To improve vaccination efforts against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), a virus‐mimicking vaccine is herein prepared with a capsid‐like hollow polymeric nanoparticle loaded with STING agonists and coated in MERS‐CoV antigens. The viromimetic nanoparticle facilitates safe and effective vaccination against the lethal virus and offers a versatile platform for combatting emerging infectious threats.
An excessive westward extension of the simulated ENSO-related sea surface temperature (ENSO SST) variability in the CMIP5 and CMIP6 models is the most apparent ENSO SST pattern bias and dominates the ...intermodel spread in ENSO SST variability among the models. The ENSO SST bias lowers the models’ skill in ENSO-related simulations and induces large intermodel uncertainty in ENSO-related projections. The present study investigates the origins of the excessive westward extension of ENSO SST in 25 CMIP5 and 25 CMIP6 models. Based on the intermodel spread of ENSO SST variability simulated in the 50 models, we reveal that this ENSO SST bias among the models largely depends on the simulated cold tongue strength in the equatorial western Pacific (EWP). Models simulating a stronger cold tongue tend to simulate a larger mean zonal SST gradient in the EWP and then a larger zonal advection feedback in the EWP, favoring a more westward extension of the ENSO SST pattern. In addition, with the overall improvement in the EWP cold tongue from CMIP5 to CMIP6, the excessive westward extension bias of ENSO SST in CMIP6 models is also reduced relative to those in CMIP5 models. The results suggest that the bias and intermodel disagreement in the mean-state SST have been improved, which improves ENSO simulation.
Selective detection of signal over noise is essential to measurement and signal processing. Time-frequency filtering has been the standard approach for the optimal detection of non-stationary ...signals. However, there is a fundamental tradeoff between the signal detection efficiency and the amount of undesirable noise detected simultaneously, which restricts its uses under weak signal yet strong noise conditions. Here, we demonstrate quantum parametric mode sorting based on nonlinear optics at the edge of phase matching to improve the tradeoff. By tailoring the nonlinear process in a commercial lithium-niobate waveguide through optical arbitrary waveform generation, we demonstrate highly selective detection of picosecond signals overlapping temporally and spectrally but in orthogonal time-frequency modes as well as against broadband noise, with performance well exceeding the theoretical limit of the optimized time-frequency filtering. We also verify that our device does not introduce any significant quantum noise to the detected signal and demonstrate faithful detection of pico-second single photons. Together, these results point to unexplored opportunities in measurement and signal processing under challenging conditions, such as photon-starving quantum applications.
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