The number and popularity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and especially e-cigarettes (e-cigs) have been increasing in the last decade. Although ENDS owe their popularity to excluding ...the harmful chemicals that are present in tobacco smoke, there is a debate whether they are safe, regulated, and as harmless as they are assumed to be and have potential unknown long-term effects. Involvement of cigarette smoking to the progression of periodontal diseases, other adverse oral health outcomes, and its detrimental effects to oral health are well-described. ENDS producer companies claim that these products can improve oral health by providing alternatives to smoking. However, the effect of e-cigs on oral health is not fully understood and is still debated among many scientists and clinicians. The number of studies addressing the potential toxic effect of ENDS or e-cig aerosol on oral cells is limited along with the clinical studies which are still preliminary, and their sample size is limited. The long-term effects of inhaled aerosols and the potential synergistic effect of the e-cigs components are not known. It is essential and of utmost importance to determine whether exposure to ENDS aerosol contributes to the progression of periodontal diseases and how it affects periodontal ligament and gingival cells which are believed to be its first targets. This review briefly summarizes the available evidence about the effects of e-cigs on periodontal health including several pathophysiological events, such as oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, cellular senescence, dysregulated repair, and periodontal diseases.
In recent years, a huge and still growing number of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS, or electronic cigarettes) has been introduced to the market. Despite the claims of the producer ...companies and the consumers' perception, ENDS safety is hotly debated, especially in comparison with combustible tobacco products. In this review, we focus on oxidative stress and alterations in antioxidant activity caused by ENDS' aerosols or liquids in oral cavity and lung tissues, which are the primary targets of cigarette smoke. Although detectable levels of oxidative stress are induced by ENDS, it should be emphasized that lower levels of oxidative stress markers and of related gene and protein alterations are observed compared to conventional cigarettes. More scientific studies need to be performed related to ENDS’ toxicity and induction of oxidative stress in a pathophysiological context in order to allow evidence based conclusions.
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•Electronic nicotine delivery systems induce oxidative stress.•Electronic cigarettes induce lower oxidative stress compared to tobacco cigarettes.•Heat not burn tobacco products may be less harmful compared to traditional tobacco.•Potential additional harm caused by ENDs needs further investigation.
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