Tumors exhibit genomic and phenotypic heterogeneity, which has prognostic significance and may influence response to therapy. Imaging can quantify the spatial variation in architecture and function ...of individual tumors through quantifying basic biophysical parameters such as CT density or MRI signal relaxation rate; through measurements of blood flow, hypoxia, metabolism, cell death, and other phenotypic features; and through mapping the spatial distribution of biochemical pathways and cell signaling networks using PET, MRI, and other emerging molecular imaging techniques. These methods can establish whether one tumor is more or less heterogeneous than another and can identify subregions with differing biology. In this article, we review the image analysis methods currently used to quantify spatial heterogeneity within tumors. We discuss how analysis of intratumor heterogeneity can provide benefit over more simple biomarkers such as tumor size and average function. We consider how imaging methods can be integrated with genomic and pathology data, instead of being developed in isolation. Finally, we identify the challenges that must be overcome before measurements of intratumoral heterogeneity can be used routinely to guide patient care.
Modern leadership theory has focused extensively on individual differences of transformational leadership without considering potential roots in, and convergent validity to, Ancient Rome's concept of ...gravitas. In the current study, I conduct an historical analysis of the origins of the gravitas personality trait of leadership and how British Imperialism provides a likely conduit of leadership ideas from the ancient world to the modern. Next, I regress gravitas and two contemporary leadership measures against the Big Five, and show correlations between all the leadership measures. Finally, I conduct EFA of the items in the leadership measures. Results suggest a high level of convergent validity between gravitas and transformational leadership. Although the study has limitations, I conclude that gravitas is worth measuring in the modern world, that modern leadership research should acknowledge roots from Ancient Rome, and potentially that our knowledge of leadership is not so very different from how it was 2000 years ago.
Based on Pliny's panegyric which focuses on the imperial virtues of ancient Rome, scales of the Via Romana are constructed and compared with the Big Five and HEXACO. Convergent validity is ...hypothesized because: there are strong paths of cultural transmission from ancient Rome to modern times; the Via Romana, the Big Five and HEXACO are lexically designed; they share a basis in a stranger's personality; and they measure surface personality traits. Regression shows that between 25% and 47% of variance in Big Five scales is explained by the Via Romana with somewhat less in the HEXACO. Although demonstrating useful convergent validity, overlap between the Big Five and HEXACO models with 2000 year old obsequious rhetoric is also potentially problematic.
Studies on the effects of transformational leadership on employee innovative behaviour have yielded mixed results. The authors argue that one possible explanation for these mixed findings is that ...researchers have assumed a linear relationship between these constructs. In contrast, they suggest that the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative behaviour is non‐linear. Specifically, the authors argue that the positive effects of transformational leadership on innovative behaviour will be stronger at low and high levels of transformational leadership. Moreover, they examine whether the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative behaviour is mediated by knowledge sharing within and between teams. The authors undertake a constructive replication by testing these hypothesized relationships in two studies: (1) a multi‐actor team‐level study conducted in the USA, and (2) a longitudinal employee‐level study of teachers in the Netherlands. Results of both studies reveal that knowledge sharing mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative behaviour, and that the indirect relationship is curvilinear. The authors link these findings to leader substitution theory, proposing that employees turn to their peers and other parties when there is an absence of effective leadership.
Acacia (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, mimosoid clade) is the largest and most widespread genus of plants in the Australian flora, occupying and dominating a diverse range of environments, with an ...equally diverse range of forms. For a genus of its size and importance, Acacia currently has surprisingly few genomic resources. Acacia pycnantha, the golden wattle, is a woody shrub or tree occurring in south-eastern Australia and is the country's floral emblem. To assemble a genome for A. pycnantha, we generated long-read sequences using Oxford Nanopore Technology, 10x Genomics Chromium linked reads, and short-read Illumina sequences, and produced an assembly spanning 814 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 2.8 Mb, and 98.3% of complete Embryophyta BUSCOs. Genome annotation predicted 47,624 protein-coding genes, with 62.3% of the genome predicted to comprise transposable elements. Evolutionary analyses indicated a shared genome duplication event in the Caesalpinioideae, and conflict in the relationships between Cercis (subfamily Cercidoideae) and subfamilies Caesalpinioideae and Papilionoideae (pea-flowered legumes). Comparative genomics identified a suite of expanded and contracted gene families in A. pycnantha, and these were annotated with both GO terms and KEGG functional categories. One expanded gene family of particular interest is involved in flowering time and may be associated with the characteristic synchronous flowering of Acacia. This genome assembly and annotation will be a valuable resource for all studies involving Acacia, including the evolution, conservation, breeding, invasiveness, and physiology of the genus, and for comparative studies of legumes.
Transformational and narcissist leaders are both typified as charismatic, yet little is known about how contextual factors moderate their workplace behavior. Drawing on Weber's classic theory of ...charismatic authority, this experimental study (n = 385 managers) used scenarios to investigate how job security and accountability moderated transformational leadership and narcissism of leaders in the prediction of intended charismatic rhetoric and risk-taking. In support of Weber's theory, transformational leaders intended to take risks in low job security and low accountability. In contrast, narcissist leaders intended to take risks in high job security and high accountability. Both transformational and narcissist leaders intended to engage in charismatic rhetoric across all contexts. It is concluded that intentions to engage in risk-taking in different contexts will differentiate the transformational leader from the narcissist leader. Selection implications are discussed.
Are survivalists malevolent? Jackson, Chris J.
Personality and individual differences,
07/2018, Volume:
129
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Survivalist plan and prepare for a major disaster. This research describes construction of the 8-item Survivalist Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ) and its nomological network which highlights that ...survivalists are disagreeable, low in rationality, and high in psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism. This suggests relatively high malevolence as well as high capacity for self-preservation. They are also fantasizers of sensation seeking, deep learners, and high in entrepreneurial intent which suggests ingenuity and ambition. They are also of lower general ability and lower rationality which suggests some limitations in the way they analyze information. Compared to the general population, survivalists are potentially dangerous in terms of personality (e.g., they are high scorers on the Dark Triad) and behavior (e.g., they may stockpile weapons) but also have strong preservation instincts that might be of benefit, at least to themselves, should disaster strike.
The COVID-19 pandemic has put unprecedented pressure on public health resources around the world. From adversity, opportunities have arisen to measure the state and dynamics of human disease at a ...scale not seen before. In the United Kingdom, the evidence that wastewater could be used to monitor the SARS-CoV-2 virus prompted the development of National wastewater surveillance programmes. The scale and pace of this work has proven to be unique in monitoring of virus dynamics at a national level, demonstrating the importance of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for public health protection. Beyond COVID-19, it can provide additional value for monitoring and informing on a range of biological and chemical markers of human health. A discussion of measurement uncertainty associated with surveillance of wastewater, focusing on lessons-learned from the UK programmes monitoring COVID-19 is presented, showing that sources of uncertainty impacting measurement quality and interpretation of data for public health decision-making, are varied and complex. While some factors remain poorly understood, we present approaches taken by the UK programmes to manage and mitigate the more tractable sources of uncertainty. This work provides a platform to integrate uncertainty management into WBE activities as part of global One Health initiatives beyond the pandemic.
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•Wastewater is a relatively unbiased medium transporting multiple markers of human health.•Biological- and chemical-based Wastewater-Based Epidemiology provides flexibility and resilience for public health security.•Measurements of target analytes in wastewater are subject to variability and uncertainty.•Identifying and mitigating uncertainty requires multi-disciplinary collaboration.•UK wastewater monitoring programmes have generated a substantial data resource to derive better understanding of uncertainty.
Delirium duration is predictive of long-term cognitive impairment in intensive care unit survivors. Hypothesizing that a neuroanatomical basis may exist for the relationship between delirium and ...long-term cognitive impairment, we conducted this exploratory investigation of the associations between delirium duration, brain volumes, and long-term cognitive impairment.
A prospective cohort of medical and surgical intensive care unit survivors with respiratory failure or shock.
Quantitative high resolution 3-Tesla brain magnetic resonance imaging was used to calculate brain volumes at discharge and 3-month follow-up. Delirium was evaluated using the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit; cognitive outcomes were tested at 3- and 12-month follow-up. Linear regression was used to examine associations between delirium duration and brain volumes, and between brain volumes and cognitive outcomes.
A total of 47 patients completed the magnetic resonance imaging protocol. Patients with longer duration of delirium displayed greater brain atrophy as measured by a larger ventricle-to-brain ratio at hospital discharge (0.76, 95% confidence intervals 0.10, 1.41; p = .03) and at 3-month follow-up (0.62 0.02, 1.21, p = .05). Longer duration of delirium was associated with smaller superior frontal lobe (-2.11 cm(3) -3.89, -0.32; p = .03) and hippocampal volumes at discharge (-0.58 cm(3) -0.85, -0.31, p < .001)--regions responsible for executive functioning and memory, respectively. Greater brain atrophy (higher ventricle-to-brain ratio) at 3 months was associated with worse cognitive performances at 12 months (lower Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status score -11.17 -21.12, -1.22, p = .04). Smaller superior frontal lobes, thalamus, and cerebellar volumes at 3 months were associated with worse executive functioning and visual attention at 12 months.
These preliminary data show that longer duration of delirium is associated with smaller brain volumes up to 3 months after discharge, and that smaller brain volumes are associated with long-term cognitive impairment up to 12 months. We cannot, however, rule out that smaller preexisting brain volumes explain these findings.
While psychopathy research has been growing for decades, a relatively new area of research is corporate psychopathy. Corporate psychopaths are simply psychopaths working in organizational settings. ...They may be attracted to the financial, power, and status gains available in senior positions and can cause considerable damage within these roles from a manipulative interpersonal style to large-scale fraud. Based upon prior studies, we analyze psychopathy research pertaining to 23 moral emotions classified according to functional quality (positive vs. negative signal) and target (self vs. other). Based upon our review, we suggest that psychopaths are high in moral emotions associated with other-directed negative signals, low in self-directed negative signals, and low in otherdirected positive signals. We found no empirical articles related to self-directed positive signals. This understanding of the specific moral emotion deficits of corporate psychopaths provides greater theoretical understanding and practical implications of knowing which individuals not to promote, though more research is needed on moral emotions that are faked for manipulative reasons.
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