The objective of this paper was to determine the biomass production of three rapeseed cultivars -Alaska, Bristol and Eurol - in a three-year period. Stand was determined for each cultivar, as well as ...whole plant mass and height, number of branches and stem mass for the purpose of determining the biomass production per each cultivar. In order to determine to which extent it is possible for rapeseed biomass to replace oil, calorimeter was used to measure heating values. Furthermore, ash, volatile and combustible matter, C-fix, sulphur (combustible and bound) as well as volatile components were determined.
Porastom broja stanovnika u svijetu povećava se i potrošnja mesa peradi i jaja, što rezultira i povećanjem peradarske proizvodnje. Za takvu je proizvodnju potrebno osigurati i velike količine ...hranjivih tvari, među ostalim i bjelančevina, dobrog aminokiselinskog sastava što će podmiriti potrebe brzorastućih hibrida peradi te modernih hibridnih nesilica konzumnih jaja. Uobičajeno se pri tome koristi soja, cijelo zrno odnosno neki od oblika dobivenih njenom preradom. No njena cijena, problemi s transportom, GMO i sl. sve više vode ka istraživanjima o mogućnosti uvođenja alternativnih izvora bjelančevina u hranidbi peradi. Ovdje svakako pripadaju i insekti. Hranidbena vrijednost insekata je vrlo raznolika i to uglavnom zbog velikog broja i varijabilnosti vrsta. Insekti također imaju dobar sastav masnih kiselina te vitamina i pokazalo se da mogu parirati ribljem brašnu, koje je također nekad bilo jedan od glavnih izvora životinjskih bjelančevina u hranidbi životinja, posebice peradi. Ovim se radom daje pregled mogućnosti korištenja alternativnih izvora bjelančevina, odnosno insekata, u hranidbi životinja te istražuje potencijalna upotreba posliježetvene biomase kao novog i inovativnog supstrata za uzgoj jestivih insekata. Posliježetveni ostatci sadrže ogromnu količinu potencijalnog supstrata za hranidbu raznih insekata. Pojedini insekti imaju sposobnost transformirati nutritivno siromašnu posliježetvenu biomasu s niskim udjelom proteina i visokim udjelom antioksidanata i tvrdokornih ugljikohidrata (celuloze i hemiceluloze) u esencijalne hranjive tvari potrebne za njihov rast modulacijom njihove probavne i bazalne diferencijalne ekspresije gena. Konverzija posliježetvene biomase u biomasu insekata za hranu za životinje mogla bi značajno pridonijeti zadovoljavanju budućih potreba na bjelančevinama za hranidbu peradi čiji će se proizvodi koristiti za prehranu sve bržerastuće svjetske populacije
As the number of inhabitants in the world is increasing, the consumption of poultry meat and eggs is also increasing, resulting in an increase in poultry production. Such production requires the provision of large quantities of nutrients, including protein, with a good amino acid composition that will meet the needs of fast-growing poultry hybrids and modern laying hens hybrids. Usually, soybeans, whole grains or some of the forms obtained by their processing are used. However, its cost, transportation problems, GMOs, etc. are increasingly leading to research into the possibility of introducing alternative protein sources to poultry feeding. Insects certainly belong here. The nutritional value of insects is very diverse, mainly due to the large number and variability of species. Insects also have a high fatty acids and vitamins content and have proved that they can compete with fish meal, which also used to be the main source of animal protein in animal feed, especially poultry. This paper provides an overview of the possibilities of using alternative sources of protein, or insects, in animal nutrition, and explores the potential use of postharvest biomass as a novel and innovative substrate for the edible insects growing. Postharvest residues contain a huge amount of potential substrate for various insects feeding. Certain insects are capable of transforming nutritionally poor postharvest biomass with low protein content and a high antioxidants and dominant carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose) content into essential nutrients necessary for their growth by modulating their digestive basal and differential gene expression. The conversion of postharvest biomass to insect biomass for animal feed could make a significant contribution to meeting future needs in proteins for the poultry feeding, whose products are used to feed rapidly growing world population.
Food safety, climate change, the emergence of infectious diseases, the ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters, and increasingly demanding intensive production are daily challenges for ...poultry production. A functional immune system is a prerequisite for animal health, and nutrition is one of the modulators of the immune system; therefore, the appropriate balance of nutrients is extremely important for the proper development and maintenance of the immune system of animals. The antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of phytobiotics are properties that make their use important as feed additives for poultry. Cannabis sativa L. contains many different compounds such as flavonoids, terpenes, and cannabinoids, each with different properties and effects. The effects of C. sativa seeds, essential oils, and cakes as feed additives for poultry have already been investigated, but the effect of C. sativa L. leaves as a feed additive on immunostimulatory and antibacterial activity has not. The results of this study show that C. sativa as a phytogenic additive to animal feed has a favourable antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effect in the production of broiler chickens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dried Cannabis sativa L. leaves as a phytogenic mixture added to broiler feed on CD4sup.+ and CD8sup.+ T lymphocyte subpopulations, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody titres, and the presence of E. coli in faecal samples. The study was conducted on 100 male Ross 308 broilers, divided into four groups of 25 broilers, for a 42-day research period. The groups were housed separately in boxes on a litter of softwood shavings and were fed starter mixture from day 1 to day 21 and finisher mixture from day 22 to day 42. Industrial hemp (C. sativa) was grown in the Crkvina area, Croatia (latitude: 45°18′46.8″ N; longitude: 15°31′30″ E). The hemp leaves were manually separated, sun-dried, and ground to a powder. The mixture offered to the control group did not contain cannabis leaves, whereas the three experimental groups received mixtures containing mixed cannabis leaves in a quantity of 10 g/kg, 20 g/kg, or 30 g/kg (E_10, E_20, and E_30, respectively). The mean NDV antibody level was uniform in all study groups until post-vaccination day 14 and increased comparably with time. The percentage of CD4sup.+ and CD8sup.+ lymphocytes in the peripheral blood subpopulation showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) in the E_20 group as compared with the control group and both the E_10 and E_30 groups throughout the study period. As the broiler age increased, the CD4sup.+-to-CD8sup.+ ratios also increased and were statistically significant (p < 0.0001) on day 42 in all experimental groups as compared to the control group. Comparing the control group with the experimental groups indicated that the bacterial count was lower in broiler groups having received feed with the addition of 20 g/kg and 30 g/kg C. sativa leaves. In conclusion, the C. sativa leaves were found to elicit a favourable immunomodulatory effect on cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in broilers via increased CD4sup.+ and CD8sup.+ lymphocyte subpopulations and higher CD4sup.+:CD8sup.+ cell ratios, thus indicating enhanced immune function capacity. In addition, C. sativa leaves may have complementary effects on the broiler post-vaccination immune response, increase broilers’ resistance to infectious diseases, reduce the effect of stress associated with vaccination, and improve broiler health and welfare.
Genotype by environment interaction (GEI) is a topic of continuous interest for plant breeders. Winter wheat data were subjected to the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) ...analysis. Results indicated a significant GEI for grain yield and its components that influenced the relative ranking of the genotypes across the environments. Informative visualization of AMMI results in form of biplot is discussed.
Puran se na širem području Hrvatskog zagorja uzgaja od 16. stoljeća. Nakon otkrića Novog svijeta vjerojatno je iz Srednje Amerike brodovima stigao u Europu, najvjerojatnije u Španjolsku, zatim u ...Englesku pa u Njemačku i Italiju, odakle se proširio i u naše krajeve. S vremenom se udomaćio, nije se križao s drugim pasminama pa je specifičan uzgoj u malim jatima koja su veći dio života provela na otvorenom u prirodi skupljajući hranu uvjetovao razvoj specifičnih morfoloških i fizioloških svojstava. Utjecao je na kvalitetu mesa, po čemu je zagorski puran poznat te se smatra specijalnom pasminom u gospodarskom smislu, a u uz to ima i veliko značenje kao vrijedan element biološke raznolikosti Hrvatske. U prošlosti se ova izvorna pasmina peradi slabo izučavala, tek nešto prije drugog svjetskog rata, iako je tada predstavljala značajan izvozni proizvod tradicionalnog uzgoja u zemlje zapadne Europe. Od drugog svjetskog rata do sredine devedesetih godina prošloga stoljeća zagorski puran gotovo je izumro i nestao. Svojom inicijativom i stručnošću, koncem devedesetih godina prošloga i početkom ovoga stoljeća spasili su ga pojedini entuzijasti i stručnjaci Agronomskog fakulteta u Zagrebu. Od tada se zagorski puran ozbiljnije istražuje, podupire i promovira, iako mu broj jedinki još uvijek varira na godišnjoj razini. U svakom je slučaju spašen, čak je u nekim inicijativama povremeno bio i ozbiljna robna marka kojoj, na kraju se pokazalo, treba stabilnost i kontinuitet uzgoja. Ovaj rad prikazuje stanje i gospodarske perspektive zagorskog purana u Varaždinskoj županiji.
Križevačka kukmasta kokoš nastala je u osamdesetim godinama 20. stoljeća selekcijskim radom na domaćim kokošima uzgajanim u Kalničkom prigorju, koje je karakterizirala osrednja kukmica te srednje ...teško tijelo. Te su kokoši planski križane s pijetlovima pasmine Orpington. Do današnjeg vremena nisu provedena znanstvena istraživanja kako bi se dobile spoznaje o njihovim fenotipskim i proizvodnim karakteristikama pa je stoga cilj ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi vrijednosti tjelesnih mjera kokoši i pijetlova te odrediti izgled i kakvoću jaja kako bi se moglo započeti s izradom pasminskog standarda potrebnog za njezino priznavanje kao autohtone pasmine kokoši. U istraživanje su bile uključene kokoši i pijetlovi s četiri obiteljska gospodarstva na području grada Križevaca. Utvrđena je boja perja, nogu i podušnjaka kod životinja u dobi od šest mjeseci i godinu dana te su iste izvagane, a provedeno je i mjerenje vrijednosti za još deset tjelesnih mjera. Prikupljena su i kokošja jaja kako bi se utvrdile vrijednosti mase jaja, čvrstoće ljuske, udjela žutanjka, bjelanjka i ljuske te utvrdila boja žutanjka. Križevačka kukmasta kokoš je skladnog tijela kvadratnog oblika i bujnog perja žute boje obrubljenog tamnom gotovo crnom bojom. Glava je srednje veličine, na njoj se nalazi kukmica narančasto-žute boje kod pijetlova, a crno-smeđe kod kokica. Tjelesne mase pijetlova u dobi od 6 i 12 mjeseci u prosjeku su iznosile 2,33 i 2,95 kg, a kod kokoši u istoj dobi 2,06 i 2,71 kg.
Cilj rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodavanja prebiotika, manan-oligosaharida (ActigenTM)
krmnim smjesama na proizvodne rezultate pilića u tovu. U istraživanju je korišteno
300 muških jednodnevnih ...pilića hibrida Ross 308 koji su slučajnim izborom smješteni
u dvije skupine sa šest ponavljanja. Istraživanje je trajalo 38 dana, a podijeljeno je u tri razdoblja. Tijekom istraživanja pilići iz kontrolne skupine hranjeni su 14 dana početnom krmnom smjesom (PPT-1) sa 24,4% SB, 14 dana krmnom smjesom za piliće u porastu (PPT-2) sa 21,0% SB i 10 dana završnom krmnom smjesom ( PPT-3) sa 20,1% SB. Pilići pokusne skupine hranjeni su istim krmnim smjesama, ali s dodatkom ActigenTM-a. U PPT-1 je dodano 800g/t; u PPT-2 400 g/t, a u PPT-3 200 g ActigenTM-a po toni krmne smjese. Prosječne tjelesne mase na kraju istraživanja bile su
2808,86 u kontrolnoj i 2880,42 u pokusnoj skupini, a konverzija krmnih smjesa
1,58 i 1,56 kg za kilogram prirasta. Budući da su tjelesne mase u pokusnoj
skupini bile veće za 2,55%, a konverzija niža, može se preporučiti upotreba
ActigenTM-a u krmnim smjesama za hranidbu pilića.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tha prebiotic mannanoligosaccharides (ActigenTM) in compound feed on production results of broiler chickens. In the study 300 male one-day old chicks hybrid Ross 308, were used randomly placed in two groups of 6 repeats. The research lasted 38 days and was divided into three periods. During the study, chickens from the control group were fed 14 days starter feed mixture (PPT-1) with 24.4% CP, 14 days with feed mixture for growing chickens (PPT-2) with 21.0% CP and 10 days with the final feed mixture (PPT-3) with 20.1% CP. The chickens of the experimental group were fed the same feed mixtures, but with ActigenTM. 800 g/t was added to PPT-1; in PPT-2 400 g/t and 200 g ActigenTM per ton of PPT-3 compound feed. Average body weights at the end of the study were 2808.86 and 2880.42 in the control and experimental group and conversion of compound feed 1.58 and 1.56 kg per kilogram of gain. Since the body weights in the experimental group were higher by 2.55% with lower conversion it could be recommended to use ActigenTM in feed mixtures for broiler chickens.
The most important aspect of broiler production is feeding, whose costs represent about 70% of total costs. Thus, the growth of poultry production has been based on a strong consumer demand for ...products that are cheap, safe, and healthy. That kind of product is old bread, whose return from the store represent a problem for its remediation. For the use of the old bread as a feed, the European Union has promulgated a series of regulations and directives, which order a ban on its utilization without prior treatment. The most common treatments are pelleting and extrusion. In poultry, the upper limit for the use of the old bread in feedstuff is often prescribed and amounts to 15%. The aim of this paper was to determine a possibility to use 5 and 10% old brown pelleted bread in feed mixtures for broilers fattening. The study has shown that the addition of old bread significantly improves broiler production indicators. The best results and a more favorable ratio of omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids in the chicken muscles were obtained in the group fed with a 10‐percent share of old brown bread (p<0.05). Such a processed old bread can be used as a new ingredient in animal feed production as a partial replacement for maize component.
Najvažniji aspekt proizvodnje brojlera jest hranidba, čiji troškovi čine oko 70% ukupnih troškova proizvodnje. Tako se rast peradarske proizvodnje temelji na snažnoj potražnji potrošača za proizvodima koji su jeftini, sigurni i zdravi. Takav je proizvod stari kruh, čije vraćanje iz trgovine predstavlja problem sanacije. Za korištenje staroga kruha kao hrane za životinje Europska unija donijela je niz propisa i smjernica kojima se propisuje zabrana korištenja bez prethodne dorade. Najčešći tretmani su peletiranje i ekstruzija. Kod peradi je često propisana gornja granica za uporabu staroga kruha u hrani za životinje, a ona iznosi 15%. Cilj ovoga rada bio je utvrditi mogućnost korištenja 5 i 10% staroga crnog peletiranog kruha u krmnim smjesama za tov brojlera. Istraživanje je pokazalo da dodavanje staroga kruha značajno poboljšava proizvodne pokazatelje brojlera. Najbolji rezultati i povoljniji omjer omega 6 i omega 3 masnih kiselina u pilećem mišiću dobiveni su u skupini koja se hranila s 10% udjela staroga crnog kruha (p<0,05). Takav obrađeni stari kruh može se koristiti kao novi sastojak u proizvodnji hrane za životinje kao djelomična zamjena za kukuruznu komponentu.
Proizvodnja kunića u svijetu bilježi stalan porast. Kunići se uzgajaju za različite namjene, a prvenstveno za meso i za krzno odnosno vunu. Sve češći je uzgoj kunića kao kućnih ljubimaca. Poželjna ...kakvoća mesa kunića i randman postižu se suvremenom organizacijom i tehnologijom tova. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati utjecaj hranidbe na proizvodne pokazatelje i kvalitetu mesa tovnih kunića. Meso, kao glavni proizvod proizvodnje kunića, dragocjen je izvor animalnih bjelančevina u ljudskoj prehrani te je stoga izvršen velik broj istraživanja koja su za cilj imala istražiti utjecaj hranidbe na poboljšanje kvalitete i karakteristike mesa. Pravilna i potpuna hranidba, obogaćena raznim dodacima, djeluje pozitivno na zdravlje, konverziju hrane i ostvaruje veće dnevne priraste kunića u tovu i ima velik utjecaj na organoleptička svojstva i kvalitetu mesa kunića.
ABSTRACT The physical, morphological, and mechanical characteristics of eggs play an important role in the processes of embryo development and hatching. Some physical, morphological, and mechanical ...characteristics of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo; Zagorje breed) eggs collected during two laying cycles from same turkey hens were determined in this study. The average values of length, width, geometric mean diameter, weight, surface area, volume, sphericity, eggshell thickness, and eggshell density were determined as 66.61 mm, 46.84 mm, 52.66 mm, 77.74 g, 8712.42 mm2, 76553.49 mm3, 79.31%, 0.354 mm and 3.13 g cm-3, respectively. Eggs collected during second laying cycle were, on average, larger and heavier in comparison with those collected during first cycle. Average albumen, yolk and eggshell percentages of the eggs collected during two laying cycles were 58.11%, 29.50% and 12.39%, respectively. The highest breaking strength was obtained when the eggs were loaded along the X-front axis and the least breaking strength was required along the Z-axis. The average breaking strength, absorbed energy and firmness in loading along the X-front axis were found to be 73.80 N, 9.75 N mm and 280.30 N mm-1, respectively.
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