Since its first development in the 1970s, Process Integration (PI) has become an important methodology in achieving more energy efficient processes. This pioneering handbook brings together the ...leading scientists and researchers currently contributing to PI development, pooling their expertise and specialist knowledge to provide readers with a comprehensive and up-to-date guide to the latest PI research and applications.After an introduction to the principles of PI, the book reviews a wide range of process design and integration topics ranging from heat and utility systems to water, recycling, waste and hydrogen systems. The book considers Heat Integration, Mass Integration and Extended PI as well as a series of applications and case studies. Chapters address not just operating and capital costs but also equipment design and operability issues, through to buildings and supply chains.With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors, Handbook of Process Integration (PI) is a standard reference work for managers and researchers in all energy-intensive industries, as well as academics with an interest in them, including those designing and managing oil refineries, petrochemical and power plants, as well as paper/pulp, steel, waste, food and drink processors.
This pioneering handbook provides a comprehensive and up-to-date guide to the latest process integration research and applicationsReviews a wide range of process design and integration topics ranging from heat and utility systems to water, recycling, waste and hydrogen systemsChapters also address equipment design and operability issues, through to buildings and supply chains
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•An efficient thermal management strategy based on sorption heat storage.•The temperature of a battery pack is controlled below 55℃ under high discharge rates.•Maximum cooling power ...is up to 1.1 kW/kg.•The temperature rises 11℃ within 2 min when preheating in a cold environment.
An efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS) is crucial to ensure the working temperatures of the battery are within a suitable range and therefore guarantee performance. However, the current BTM methods not only are limited by weight, space, and energy consumption, but also hardly surmount the contradiction of battery cooling at high temperatures and battery heating at low temperatures. In this work, an innovative passive BTM strategy of Li-ion battery (LIB) pack based on sorption heat storage is numerically investigated. The as-synthesised thermochemical sorbent is supposed to be fabricated as a porous coating layer of batteries to regulate the temperature of the LIB pack, and the pack temperature evolutions under high discharge rates of 3C, 5C, and 7C are analysed. A multi-physics model, coupling electrochemistry of battery, fluid flow, heat transfer, and chemical reaction, is developed to study the dehydration/hydration processes in a proposed BTMS. These multi-physics fields are solved by using the finite element method discretisation approach. Compared to traditional BTMS based on phase change materials (PCMs), this sorption thermochemical-based BTMS can control the battery pack below 55℃ under these high discharge rates due to the prominent advantage of high desorption enthalpy. The maximum temperature differences of the pack using sorption BTMS are 0.8, 1.2, and 1.7 ℃, lower than that of PCM-based BTMS, and a fast temperature lift of ∼ 11℃ can be achieved for the LIB pack in the cool environment thanks to the exothermic adsorption effect. The sorption BTMS can adaptively achieve cooling and preheating of LIB pack and thus maintain the pack works under the desired temperature range. The results of this study may provide a new strategy and prediction on BTMS based on sorption heat storage.
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•TiO2/G photocatalytic catalyst was prepared through a hydrothermal method.•TiO2/G catalyst was applied for the treatment of mineral processing wastewater.•18% TiO2/G showed superior ...photocatalytic performance than TiO2.
This study has invented a novel composite photocatalytic material of TiO2/graphene (TiO2/G) via the hydrothermal method. The prepared TiO2/graphene (TiO2/G) composite catalysts were investigated in detail using various characterisation experiments. The characterisation experiments indicated that the TiO2/graphene (TiO2/G) nanocomposites were successfully prepared. It can be observed that the TiO2 nanoparticles were observed uniformly distributing on the graphene oxide (GO) and the prepared TiO2/graphene (TiO2/G) nanocomposites possess huge specific surface area, small pore size, and low electron-hole pair complexation rate to degrade the pollutants. For the first time, TiO2/G is used as a photocatalytic material to treat mineral processing wastewater. Compared to GO and TiO2, under simulated light irradiation, the photodegradation efficiency of 18% TiO2/G samples reached 97.03% after 100 min. By successfully anchoring TiO2 on GO, the photoresponse range of TiO2/G was broadened (from 200–380 nm to 200–800 nm). The activity was also further improved (after 100 min of simulated light, the photocatalytic efficiency of pure TiO2 was only 17.88%, and the photocatalytic efficiency of 18% TiO2/G was 5.43 times higher than that of pure TiO2). This work advances the development of a potential photo-, photoelectro-systems for the treatment of real mineral processing wastewater.
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•Microwave intensified 1-step method is promising for biodiesel production via Jatropha oil.•Response surface methodology, with CCRD, gave the finest fit for optimization.•The ...modified polynomial model for the microwave heating method is developed.•Significantly enhanced reaction rate is attained via microwave heating comparatively.•Validation of experiments verified the accuracy/fit of the model employed.
Biodiesel is known as one of the best alternative fuels for diesel engines. Low-cost Jatropha oil is considered a potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production in India and many other parts of the world. Jatropha oil contains a large amount of free fatty acids (FFA), and soap formation occurs during the alkali catalysed transesterification process, hence decreasing the biodiesel yield. The acid catalyst is less sensitive to FFA, but the reaction rate is extremely slow if the transesterification reaction occurs by conventional heating. In the present investigation, microwave heating was used for biodiesel production by the single-step transesterification reaction of Jatropha oil in the presence of an acidic catalyst (sulphuric acid). The central composite rotatable design (CCRD) matrix of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimum design conditions for the transesterification reaction under microwave irradiation. The effects of three selected variables, namely reaction time, catalyst concentration, and methanol, on the oil molar ratio, were assessed. The maximum yield of biodiesel produced in the selected design space by microwave heating was found to be 61.10% under the 11:7 M ratio of the methanol to oil, 2 wt% catalyst concentration, and 90 min reaction time, which was much higher than the biodiesel yield by conventional heating method (3.8%) for the same reaction time. The modified polynomial model for the microwave heating method was developed with the help of ANOVA, main effect plots, interaction plots, and surface plots. The experimental and predicted yield values for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) showed a linear relationship. The validation of experiments confirmed the accuracy of the suggested model. The produced biodiesel was of good quality, as all the properties were within the prescribed limits of the ASTM D6751 standard. The results of this study showed that the microwave heating method can be used efficiently to obtain a high biodiesel yield from low-cost, high-FFA feedstock such as Jatropha oil in a sulphuric acid-catalysed single-step transesterification reaction.
Seawater desalination is considered a technique with high water supply potential and has become an emerging alternative for freshwater supply in China. The increase of the capacity also increases ...energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, which has not been well investigated in studies. This study has analyzed the current development of seawater desalination in China, including the capacity, distribution, processes, as well as the desalted water use. Energy consumption and GHG emissions of overall desalination in China, as well as for the provinces, are calculated covering the period of 2006–2016. The unit product cost of seawater desalination plants specifying processes is also estimated. The results showed that 1) The installed capacity maintained increased from 2006 to 2016, and reverse osmosis is the major process used for seawater desalination in China. 2) The energy consumption increased from 81 MWh/y to 1,561 MWh/y during the 11 years. The overall GHG emission increase from 85 Mt CO2eq/y to 1,628 Mt CO2eq/y. Tianjin had the largest GHG emissions, following are Hebei and Shandong, with emissions of 4.1 Mt CO2eq/y, 2.2 Mt CO2eq/y. and 1.0 Mt CO2eq/y. 3) The unit product cost of seawater desalination is higher than other water supply alternatives, and it differentiates the desalination processes. The average unit product cost of the reverse osmosis process is 0.96 USD and 2.5 USD for the multiple-effect distillation process. The potential for future works should specify different energy forms, e.g. heat and power. Alternatives of process integration should be investigated—e.g. efficiency of using the energy, heat integration, and renewables in water desalination, as well as the utilization of total site heat integration.
The low efficiency of renewable electricity storage has been considered as a bottleneck of the scalable and low-carbon Power-to-Gas energy transformation concept. This paper investigates the ...combination of CO2 biofixation using Spirulina platensis microalgae and catalytic hydrothermal gasification of wet organic feedstock for the storage of fluctuating electricity and direct utilisation of waste CO2. The presented method enables wet microalgae biomass conversion into H2 and C1-C2 rich fuel gas stream using hydrothermal conversion that is valorised further to methane. For bridging the gap between theoretical investigations and the application of this approach, experiments were carried out at elevated temperatures (632.9-717.0 °C) based on a central composite design of the experiment. Biogas upgrading was evaluated by ASPEN Plus flowsheeting software. The results show that the proposed storage cycle outperforms the state-of-the-art biological and chemical-based Sabatier methanations with an overall round-trip efficiency of 42.3%. The optimised thermo-chemical process enables to achieve simultaneously high H2 (9.05 mol kg−1) and CH4 (7.91 mol kg−1) yields with an enhanced 71.23% carbon conversion ratio. Moreover, the environmental and cost evaluations of the currently proposed bio-synthetic process indicate low associated CO2 equivalent emission (99.4 ± 12.6 g CO2,eq kWh−1) with 144.9 €MWh-1 normalised total annual natural gas production cost. Ideally the proposed storage cycle requires less H2 from external sources, effective CO2 utilisation becomes available through the biofixation and hydrothermal conversion of the wet organic feedstock and closed carbon emission cycle can be accomplished.
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•A closed cycle for energy storage, CO2 reuse and CH4 production (144.9 € MWh-1).•Microalgae CO2 absorption, Catalytic Hydrothermal gasification, gas storage.•Fuel Gas upgrading via water hydrolysis using variable renewable electricity.•Round-trip efficiency of 42.3%, outperforming other storage cycles.•Life cycle assessment shows 99.4 g CO2,eq kWh-1 greenhouse gas footprint.
CoFe2O4/Graphene Nanoribbons (GNRs) nanocomposite was successfully fabricated and utilised as an electrode active material for high-energy supercapacitor cells. Thanks to the outstanding ...physicochemical features of a graphene nanoribbon with excellent electrical conductivity and the synergistic effect with cobalt ferrite, as well as the pseudocapacitive effect. The CoFe2O4/GNRs nanohybrid offered an exceptional specific capacitance of 922 F g−1 (415 C g−1) at 1.0 A g−1 in 3.0 M KOH electrolyte in a standard 3-electrode set-up. Additionally, the impressive supercapacitive performance metrics showed that the suggested electrode had a distinctive morphology and could be a candidate for capacitive energy storage systems. These metrics included good cycle stability and 87% capacitance retention at the end of the 10,000th CV cycle. Moreover, the asymmetric supercapacitor cell (ASC) was designed by assembling CoFe2O4/GNRs and activated carbon (AC). The resultant ASC provided an improved specific capacitance of 487.85 F g−1 (683 C g−1) at 1.0 A g−1. At this current density value, the energy density and the power density values were computed as to be 132.8 Wh.kg−1 and 632.39 W kg−1. The highest power density was discovered to be 6730.76 W kg−1 at 10.0 A g−1, whereas the energy density was determined as 8.75 Wh.kg−1 at this current density. The results of the work proved that CoFe2O4/GNRs nanohybrids are up-and-coming electrode active materials for advanced electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies.
CoFe2O4/Graphene nanoribbons as a promising positive electrode material for high-energy density asymmetric supercapacitor. Display omitted
•A viable tip to achieve a high-energy supercapacitor is to tailor advanced material.•Hybrids of carbon materials and metal-oxides are promising electrode materials.•CoFe2O4/Graphene Nanoribbons were fabricated and utilised in a supercapacitor cell.•CoFe2O4/Graphene Nanoribbons offered outstanding electrochemical characteristics.•Supremacy of hybrid nanocomposite was proven in an asymmetrical cell.
The minimisation of the continuously enhancing level of the CO2 released to the atmosphere is one of the most significant issues faced by the scientific community. Rigorous research efforts have been ...carried out for the development of sustainable and cost-effective nitrogen-rich porous adsorbent materials for energy-efficient and enhanced polar gas separation, i.e. pre-combustion and post-combustion CO2 capture. Among different porous adsorbent materials, the covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) are found to be remarkable candidates for CO2 capturing because of their facile and scalable synthesis, high surface area, permanent porosity, structural tunability, synthetic diversity, low density, high hydrothermal and physicochemical stability. A contextual overview is described on the key challenges in CO2 sequestration, parameters consideration for the design of CO2 selective porous adsorbents, evaluation criteria for the adsorption processes, assessment criteria for the selection of suitable adsorption configuration, and the factors influencing the CO2 adsorption capacity. This review comprises deep critical scrutiny of the current investigation and development on Triazine-, benzimidazole-, and triazole-based COPs with improved CO2 storage capacities. The conversion of CO2 into useful products including the carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), methanol (CH3OH), and other products including the hydrocarbons has been critically reviewed by using the heterogeneous catalysis. Finally, a concise conclusion and recommendation section are presented indicating that the area of Triazine-, benzimidazole-, and triazole-based COPs for CO2 capture needs more attention to synthesise the next-generation materials for real-time applications.
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•Global scenario on CO2 and GHGs emission are reported.•Adsorbent design parameters, evaluation and assessment criteria discussed.•Factors influencing the CO2 adsorption capacity are discussed.•Triazine-, benzimidazole-, and triazole-based COPs for CO2 adsorption reported.•Heterogenous Catalysts for CO2 conversion to useful products are critically reviewed.
The depletion of natural energy resources provides evidential adverse impacts on world economy functionality. The strong requirement of a sustainable energy supply has escalated intensive research ...and the discovery of cleaner energy sources, as well as efficient energy management practices. In the context of a circular economy, this research not only targets the optimisation of resources utilisation at different stages but also emphasises the eco-design of products to extend production life spans. Based on this concept, this book discusses the roles of process integration approaches, renewable energy sources utilisation and design modifications in addressing the process energy and exergy efficiency improvement. The primary focus is to enhance the economic and environmental performance through process analysis, modelling and optimisation. The articles mainly show the contribution of each aspect: (a) design and numerical study for innovative energy-efficient technologies, (b) process integration—heat and power, (c) process energy efficiency or emission analysis, and (d) optimisation of renewable energy resources’ supply chain. The articles are based on the latest contribution of this journal’s Special Issues in the 21st conference entitled “Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction (PRES)”. This book is complemented with an editorial review to highlight the broader state-of-the-art development.
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