Between 2009 and 2013, research was conducted in the commune offices for the Podlaskie voivodeship which have large areas of protected Natura 2000 sites. The research is repeated every few years and ...widened to include new communes. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of the protected areas on the economic conditions of the communes. It is widely assumed that protected areas generate income for communes, however the communes claim that they incur large additional costs. The surveyed communes were critical of obligatory legal requirements in relation to the protected areas. It was argued that there are problems with obtaining natural resources and with the establishment of new summer resorts, residential and farm buildings and infrastructure; as well as the use and management of the site. The communes’ benefits incidental to the ownership of the protected area are not clear. As part of the benefits, the protected areas offer an opportunity for tourism development. According to the communes, protected areas generate losses in which the estimated losses are several times higher than the potential income. Studies indicate that the conservation cost factor should be considered in terms of financing the communes from the state budget.
Analyses of water conditions in the Lower Basin of the Biebrza River and deposit stratigraphy were conducted in cross-sections through the valley, where geodetic measurements were also made. Peat ...type in particular layers of the soil profile was determined in selected cross-sections at 100 m intervals. The Lower Basin of the Biebrza River is diverse with regard to the type of water supply to a peatbog, the shape of the bio-accumulative basin’s bottom and the slope of peatbog surface along and across the valley. These factors resulted in the development of different habitats in the peatbog. Northern part of the Lower Basin, between the main road in the village Osowiec and the inflows of the Kosódka and Wissa rivers to the Biebrza River, is a narrow valley supplied mainly with overflowing water of the Biebrza River. Habitats and hydrogenic deposits of this area developed in relation to the type and layout of mineral substratum and to the duration and depth of seasonal flooding. North-west part is mainly supplied by ground water from the adjacent upland. Peat layers, developed on ground waters flowing out from the upland, markedly slope toward the bed of the Biebrza River. Considerable fluctuations of the ground water level can be observed there and most frequently the sites are periodically drying. Part of the valley, from the inflows of the Kosódka and Wissa rivers down to the Biebrza and Narew River confluence, is mainly supplied with underground waters from upland.
Analizę warunków wodnych w Dolnym Basenie Doliny Biebrzy i stratygrafii złoża przeprowadzono na przekrojach poprzecznych przez dolinę, na których wykonane zostały także pomiary geodezyjne. Na wytyczonych przekrojach wykonano oznaczenia rodzaju torfów występujących w poszczególnych warstwach profilu glebowego w punktach odległych od siebie o ok. 100 m. Dolny Basen Doliny Biebrzy jest zróżnicowany pod względem rodzajów zasilania torfowiska wodami, ukształtowania dna spągu basenu bioakumulacyjnego i spadków powierzchni torfowiska wzdłuż i w poprzek doliny. Czynniki te powodują wykształcenie różnych siedlisk na torfowisku. Część północna Basenu Dolnego, od trasy komunikacyjnej w Osowcu do ujścia rzek Kosódka i Wissa do Biebrzy, jest wąską doliną, którą zasilają głównie wylewające wody Biebrzy. Siedliska i utwory hydrogeniczne tego terenu wykształciły się zależnie od rodzaju i ukształtowania mineralnego podłoża oraz czasu trwania i głębokości zalewu. W części północno-zachodniej dominuje zasilanie wodami podziemnymi z przyległej wysoczyzny. Warstwy torfu wytworzonego na wypływających z wysoczyzny wodach podziemnych posiadają znaczne spadki, skierowane do koryta Biebrzy. Występują tu znaczne wahania poziomów wody gruntowej i są to najczęściej siedliska okresowo przesychające. Na odcinku doliny, od ujścia Kosódki i Wissy do Biebrzy do połączenia Biebrzy i Narwi, przeważa zasilanie wodami podziemnymi z wysoczyzny.
Tear film stability plays an important role in the quality of vision. We present an interferometric method for assessing the stability of precorneal tear film in real time. A lateral shearing ...technique is applied as a noninvasive and sensitive method for investigating tear film stability and the smoothness of the tear film surface by quantitative evaluation of the interference fringe pattern. The evaporation of tears and the appearance of tear film break-up between blinks cause changes in the fringe geometry. For quantitative assessment of the fringe smoothness and consequently of the tear film structure, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is applied. Four parameters are used to quantitatively estimate dynamic changes in the tear film stability of the cornea
after the eye blink. Examples of examined interferograms recorded in patients with healthy eyes, patients suffering from dry-eye syndrome, and patients wearing contact lenses are given. Significant differences between the stability of the tear film in the healthy eye and that in the dry eye and the eye with a contact lens are observed. The favorable influence of artificial tears applied in patients with dry-eye syndrome or contact lenses is also discussed.
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