Soil and water contamination from heavy metals and metalloids is one of the most discussed and caused adverse effects on food safety and marketability, crop growth due to phytotoxicity, and ...environmental health of soil organisms. A hydroponic investigation was executed to evaluate the influence of citric acid (CA) on copper (Cu) phytoextraction potential of jute (
L.). Three-weeks-old seedlings of
were exposed to different Cu concentrations (0, 50, and 100 μM) with or without the application of CA (2 mM) in a nutrient growth medium. The results revealed that exposure of various levels of Cu by 50 and 100 μM significantly (
< 0.05) reduced plant growth, biomass, chlorophyll contents, gaseous exchange attributes, and damaged ultra-structure of chloroplast in
seedlings. Furthermore, Cu toxicity also enhanced the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) which indicated the Cu-induced oxidative damage in the leaves of
seedlings. Increasing the level of Cu in the nutrient solution significantly increased Cu uptake by the roots and shoots of
seedlings. The application of CA into the nutrient medium significantly alleviated Cu phytotoxicity effects on
seedlings as seen by plant growth and biomass, chlorophyll contents, gaseous exchange attributes, and ultra-structure of chloroplast. Moreover, CA supplementation also alleviated Cu-induced oxidative stress by reducing the contents of MDA. In addition, application of CA is helpful in increasing phytoremediation potential of the plant by increasing Cu concentration in the roots and shoots of the plants which is manifested by increasing the values of bioaccumulation (BAF) and translocation factors (TF) also. These observations depicted that application of CA could be a useful approach to assist Cu phytoextraction and stress tolerance against Cu in
seedlings grown in Cu contaminated sites.
Chromium (Cr), being a persistent toxic heavy metal, triggered the retardation of plant’s metabolic processes by initiating changes in rhizospheric zone. Current study focused the Cr accumulation ...potential of two tomato (
Solanum lycopersicum
Mill.) cultivars through alterations of rhizospheric pH and exudation of organic acids together with plant’s ionomics and morpho-physiological responses. Four-week-old seedlings of tomato cultivars (cv. Nakeb and cv. Nadir) were maintained in hydroponic solutions supplemented with 0, 100, 200, and 300 mg/L K
2
Cr
2
O
7
and a start pH of 6.0. The pH of the growth medium was monitored twice a day up to 6 days as well as mineral contents and morpho-physiological attributes were recorded by harvesting half of plants after 1 week. The remaining half plants were shifted to rhizoboxes for the collection of root exudates. After 6 days, cv. Nakeb exhibited medium acidification by 0.7 units while cv. Nadir showed basification by 0.6 units under 300 mg/L treatment. Increase in applied Cr levels enhanced the root and shoot Cr accumulation in both cultivars with concomitant reduction in growth and accumulation of nutrients (Fe, Zn, K, Mg, and Ca). However, this reduction in biomass and nutrient acquisition was predominant in cv. Nakeb as compared to cv. Nadir. The release of organic acid exudates (citric, acetic, maleic, tartaric, and oxalic acids) was also recorded higher in cv. Nadir at 300 mg/L applied Cr level. This enhanced production of organic acids caused greater retention of mineral nutrients and Cr in cv. Nadir, probably due to growth medium basification. Enhanced exudations of di- and tri- carboxylic organic acids together with accumulation of mineral nutrients are the physiological and biochemical indicators which confer this genotype a better adaptation to Cr polluted biotic systems. Furthermore, it was perceived that organic acid and rhizospheric pH variation response by studied tomato cultivars under Cr stress is an important factor to be considered in food safety and metal remediation programs.
Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic for plant metabolic processes even in low concentration due to higher retention rates, longer half-life and non-biodegradable nature. The current study was designed to ...assess the bioremediation potential of Cd tolerant PGPR, Serratia sp. CP-13 together with two differentially Cd tolerant maize cultivars (MMRI-Yellow, Sahiwal-2002) selected amongst ten cultivars after screening. The maize cultivars were grown under different Cd treatments (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 µM) in Petri plates both with and without Serratia sp. CP-13 inoculation. Treated plants were analyzed for their biomass accumulation, chlorophylls, carotenoids, proline, anthocyanin, protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2 as well as for antioxidants (POD, SOD, CAT) and mineral elements (Ca, Mg, Zn, K, Fe, Na, Cd). The maize cultivar MMRI-Yellow (tolerant) and Sahiwal-2002 (sensitive) exhibited significant reduction in leaf area, nutrient contents, plant biomass, activity of antioxidants, total proteins, photosynthetic pigments as well as flavonoids with increased production of H2O2, proline, MDA and relative membrane permeability (RMP) under Cd stress. However, this reduction was cultivar specific and recorded higher in cv. Sahiwal-2002 as compared to MMRI-Yellow. Application of Serratia sp. CP-13 significantly augmented plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidative machinery, as well as flavonoids and proline while diminishing H2O2, RMP MDA production even under Cd stress in studied cultivars. Furthermore, CP-13 inoculation assisted the Cd stressed plants to sustain an optimal level of essential nutrients (Ca, Mg, Zn, K, Fe) except for Na and Cd which responded antagonistically. It was inferred that both inoculated maize cultivars exhibited better health and metabolism but substantial Cd tolerance was acquired by the sensitive cv. Sahiwal-2002 than the tolerant cv. MMRI-Yellow under applied Cd regimes. Furthermore, studied maize cultivars depicted maximum Cd tolerance in order of 30 < 24 < 18 < 12 < 6 < 0 µM Cd treatments under Serratia sp. CP-13 inoculation. Findings of current work highlighted the importance of Serratia sp. CP-13 and its inoculation impact on morpho-physio-biochemical attributes of maize growth under Cd dominant environment, which is likely an addition towards efficient approaches for bacterially-assisted Cd bioremediation and minimal Cd retention in edible plant parts.
•First time, Serratia-maize synergy for differentially Cd tolerant cultivars has been explored.•Serratia sp. CP-13 diminishes Cd uptake and concomitant lipid peroxidation in maize cultivars.•Under CP-13 application, Cd susceptible cultivar exhibited improved antioxidants and nutrients than the tolerant one.•Serratia sp. CP-13 is a potential candidate for plant growth augmentation and Cd remediation plans.
Contamination of soils with heavy metals (HMs) caused serious problems because plants tend to absorb HMs from the soil. In view of HM hazards to plants as well as agro-ecosystems, we executed this ...study to assess metal toxicity to mung bean (
Vigna radiata
) plants cultivated in soil with six treatment levels of cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) and to find metal tolerant variety, i.e., M-93 (V
1
) and M-1(V
2
) with multifarious plant biochemical and physiological attributes. Increasing doses of Cd and Ni inhibited plant growth and photosynthesis and both varieties showed highly significant differences in the morpho-physiological attributes. V
2
showed sensitivity to Cd and Ni treatments alone or in combination. Tolerance indices for attributes presented a declined growth of
Vigna
plants under HM stress accompanied by highly significant suppression in gas exchange characteristics. Of single element applications, the adverse effects on mung bean were more pronounced in Cd treatments. V
1
showed much reduction in photosynthesis attributes except sub-stomatal CO
2
concentration in all treatments compared to V
2
. The yield attributes, i.e., seed yield/plant and 100-seed weight, were progressively reduced in T
5
for both varieties. In combination, we have observed increased mobility of Cd and Ni in both varieties. The results showed that water use efficiency (WUE) generally increased in all the treatments for both varieties compared to control. V
2
exhibited less soluble sugars and free amino acids compared to V
1
in all the treatments. Similarly, we recorded an enhanced total free amino acid contents in both varieties among all the metal treatments against control plants. We conclude that combinatorial treatment proved much lethal for
Vigna
plants, but V
1
performed better than V
2
in counteracting the adverse effects of Cd and Ni.
Devices belonging to the realm of edge Internet of Things (IoT) are becoming highly susceptible to intrusion attacks. The large-scale development in edge IoT, ease of availability, and affordability ...have drastically increased its usage in the real world. The business market revolves around producing better, innovative, and appealing products every day. However, security is often left unchecked to achieve these standards. Therefore, vulnerabilities present in these devices make them susceptible to various intrusion attacks. We devised a model named
DF-IDS
for detecting intrusions in IoT traffic.
DF-IDS
consists of two main phases: In the
1
st
phase, it comparatively selects the best features from the feature matrix using SpiderMonkey (SM), principle component analysis (PCA), information gain (IG), and correlation attribute evaluation (CAE). In the
2
nd
phase, these features along with assigned labels are used to train a deep neural network for intrusion detection.
DF-IDS
achieves an accuracy of 99.23% with an F1-score of 99.27%. It shows improvement not only in accuracy but also in F1 score as compared to the other comparative models and existing studies.
The impact of heavy metal, i.e., cadmium (Cd), on the growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, oxidative stress biomarkers, and antioxidants machinery (enzymatic and ...non-enzymatic antioxidants), ions uptake, organic acids exudation, and ultra-structure of membranous bounded organelles of two rice (
L.) genotypes (Shan 63 and Lu 9803) were investigated with and without the exogenous application of ferrous sulfate (FeSO
). Two
genotypes were grown under different levels of CdCl
0 (no Cd), 50 and 100 µM and then treated with exogenously supplemented ferrous sulfate (FeSO
) 0 (no Fe), 50 and 100 µM for 21 days. The results revealed that Cd stress significantly (
< 0.05) affected plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, affected antioxidant machinery, sugar contents, and ions uptake/accumulation, and destroy the ultra-structure of many membranous bounded organelles. The findings also showed that Cd toxicity induces oxidative stress biomarkers, i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, hydrogen peroxide (H
O
) initiation, and electrolyte leakage (%), which was also manifested by increasing the enzymatic antioxidants, i.e., superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds (phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin) and organic acids exudation pattern in both
genotypes. At the same time, the results also elucidated that the
genotypes Lu 9803 are more tolerant to Cd stress than Shan 63. Although, results also illustrated that the exogenous application of ferrous sulfate (FeSO
) also decreased Cd toxicity in both
genotypes by increasing antioxidant capacity and thus improved the plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, and decrease oxidative stress in the roots and shoots of
genotypes. Here, we conclude that the exogenous supplementation of FeSO
under short-term exposure of Cd stress significantly improved plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, regulate antioxidant defense system, and essential nutrients uptake and maintained the ultra-structure of membranous bounded organelles in
genotypes.
Soil contamination with toxic heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) is becoming a serious global problem due to rapid development of social economy. Silicon (Si), being an important fertilizer element, ...has been found effective in enhancing plant tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. The present study investigated the extent to which different levels of Si modulated the Cd tolerance of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) seedlings when maintained in artificially Cd spiked regimes. A pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions for four weeks, by using sand, mixed with different levels of Cd i.e., 0, 1.5 and 3 mM together with the application of Si at 0, 1.5 and 3 mM levels to monitor different growth, gaseous exchange, oxidative stress, antioxidative responses, minerals accumulation, organic acid exudation patterns of T. ammi seedlings. Our results depicted that Cd addition to growth medium significantly decreased plant growth and biomass, gaseous exchange attributes and minerals uptake by T. ammi seedlings as compared to the plants grown without addition of Cd. However, Cd toxicity boosted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the indication of oxidative stress in T. ammi seedlings and was also manifested by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents and electrolyte leakage to the membrane bounded organelles. Although, activities of various antioxidative enzymes like superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) initially increased up to a Cd level of 1.5 mM but were significantly diminished at the highest Cd level of 3 mM. Results revealed that the anthocyanin and soluble proteins contents were decreased in seedlings grown under elevating Cd levels but increased the Cd accumulation of T. ammi roots and shoots. The negative impacts of Cd injury were reduced by the application of Si which increased plant growth and biomass, improved photosynthetic apparatus, antioxidant enzymes, minerals uptake together with diminished exudation of organic acids as well as oxidative stress indicators in roots and shoots of T. ammi by decreasing Cd retention in different plant parts. Research findings, therefore, suggested that Si application can ameliorate Cd toxicity in T. ammi seedlings and resulted in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress as depicted by balanced exudation of organic acids.
Display omitted
•Toxic concentration of Cd in sand reduced morpho-physiological traits of Trachyspermum ammi seedlings.•High contents of Cd trigger oxidative stress, exudation of organic acids and diminished mineral retention by T. ammi.•Application of Si ameliorated the negative impacts of Cd stress.•Si application also decreased plant Cd contents, thus improved growth and composition.
Copper (Cu) is an important micronutrient for a plant’s normal growth and development. However, excess amount of Cu in the soil causes many severe problems in plants—which ultimately affect crop ...productivity and yield. Moreover, excess of Cu contents causes oxidative damage in the plant tissues by generating excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present experiment was designed to investigate the phytoextraction potential of Cu, morpho-physiological features and biochemical reaction of jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) seedlings using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) of 3 mM under different Cu levels (0 (control), 50 and 100 μM) in a hydroponic nutrient solution (Hoagland). Our results showed that elevated Cu rates (50 and 100 μM) in the nutrient solution significantly reduced plant height, fresh and dry biomass, total chlorophyll content and gaseous exchange attributes in C. capsularis seedlings. As the concentration of Cu in the medium increased (50 and 100 μM), the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidative stress in C. capsularis seedlings also increased, which could have been controlled by antioxidant activity in particular plant cells. In addition, rising Cu concentration in the nutrient solution also increased Cu uptake and accumulation in roots and leaves as well as affected the ultrastructure of chloroplast of C. capsularis seedlings. The addition of EDTA to the nutrient solution significantly alleviated Cu toxicity in C. capsularis seedlings, showing a significantly increase in plant growth and biomass. MDA contents was not significantly increased in EDTA-induced plants, suggesting that this treatment was helpful in capturing ROS and thereby reducing ROS in in C. capsularis seedlings. EDTA modification with Cu, although the bioaccumulation factor in roots and leaves and translocation factor for the leaves of C. capsularis seedlings has significantly increased. These results indicate that C. capsularis has considerable potential to cope with Cu stress and is capable of removing a large quantity of Cu from the Cu-contaminated soil while using EDTA is a useful strategy to increase plant growth and biomass with Cu absorption capabilities.
The present experiment was carried out to study the influences of exogenously-applied nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and hydrogen peroxide (H
O
) as seed primers on growth and ...yield in relation with different physio-biochemical parameters, antioxidant activities, and osmolyte accumulation in wheat plants grown under control (100% field capacity) and water stress (60% field capacity) conditions. During soaking, the seeds were covered and kept in completely dark. Drought stress markedly reduced the plant growth, grain yield, leaf photosynthetic pigments, total phenolic content (TPC), total soluble proteins (TSP), leaf water potential (Ψ
), leaf turgor potential (Ψ
), osmotic potential (Ψ
), and leaf relative water content (LRWC), while it increased the activities of enzymatic antioxidants and the accumulation of leaf ascorbic acid (AsA), proline (Pro), glycine betaine (GB), malondialdehyde (MDA), and H
O
. However, seed priming with SNP and H
O
alone and in combination mitigated the deleterious effects of water stress on growth and yield by improving the Ψ
, Ψ
, Ψ
, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes accumulation (GB and Pro), TSP, and the antioxidative defense mechanism. Furthermore, the application of NO and H
O
as seed primers also reduced the accumulation of H
O
and MDA contents. The effectiveness was treatment-specific and the combined application was also found to be effective. The results revealed that exogenous application of NO and H
O
was effective in increasing the tolerance of wheat plants under drought stress in terms of growth and grain yield by regulating plant-water relations, the antioxidative defense mechanism, and accumulation of osmolytes, and by reducing the membrane lipid peroxidation.
Copper (Cu) is a heavy metal which is being used widely in the industry and agriculture. However, the overuse of Cu makes it a common environmental pollutant. In order to investigate the testicular ...toxicity of Cu, the pigs were divided into three groups and were given Cu at 10 (control), 125, and 250 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The feeding period was 80 days. Serum hormone results showed that Cu exposure decreased the concentrations of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and increased the concentration of thyroxine (T4). Meanwhile, Cu exposure upregulated the expression of Cu transporter mRNA (Slc31a1, ATP7A, and ATP7B) in the testis, leading to increase in testicular Cu and led to spermatogenesis disorder. The Cu exposure led to an increased expression of antioxidant-related mRNA (Gpx4, TRX, HO-1, SOD1, SOD2, SOD3, CAT), along with increase in the MDA concentration in the testis. In LG group, the ROS in the testis was significantly increased. Furthermore, the apoptotic-related mRNA (Caspase3, Caspase8, Caspase9, Bax, Cytc, Bak1, APAF1, p53) and protein (Active Caspase3) and the autophagy-related mRNA (Beclin1, ATG5, LC3, and LC3B) expression increased after Cu exposure. The mitochondrial membrane potential in the testicular tissue decreased, while the number of apoptotic cells increased, as a result of oxidative stress. Overall, our study indicated that the Cu exposure promotes testicular apoptosis and autophagy by mediating oxidative stress, which is considered as the key mechanism causing testicular degeneration as well as dysfunction.
PDF
