Eleven flavonols have been isolated from the aerial parts of Ammi visnaga L. from which four aglycones, four monoglycosides, two diglycosides and one triglycoside. The flavonoid aglycones were ...distributed into one hydroxylated, quercetin (1) and three methoxylated, namely, rhamnetin (2), isorhamnetin (3) and rhamnazin (4). Among the monoglycosides, we found three 3-O-glucosides respectively linked to rhamnetin (5), isorhamnetin (6) and rhamnazin (7) and one 7-O-glucoside of isorhamnetin (8). The two diglycosides were 3-O-rutin of quercetin (9) and isorhamnetin (10) while the single trioside was quercetin 7,3,3'-O-triglucoside (11). These flavonols are reported for the first time from A. visnaga L . Free radical DPPH scavenging potential of the butanolic extract was investigated.
The soluble proanthocyanidins of the coloured seed coats of Vicia faba L. were isolated and separated by solvent partition. The chemical characteristics of the proanthocyanidins were elucidated by ...total oxidation and partial degradation in the presence of phloroglucinol followed by HPLC analysis. The native extract of proanthocyanidins contained (+)-gallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin units. Oligomeric procyanidins were purified by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and the accessible compounds were isolated by RP-HPLC using a Licrospher Li 100 Column. The structures of the purified oligomeric procyanidins were elucidated using a procedure involving TLC, UV spectroscopy, ESI-MS and HPLC analysis of the products from the phloroglucinol reaction. The major condensed tannins of Vicia faba comprise six compounds identified as two A-type procyanidin dimers, the procyanidin dimers B1, B2 and B3, and a procyanidin trimer.
A new flavonol tetraglycoside, together with four acylated derivatives, were isolated from the leaves of Astragalus caprinus. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, mainly 2D NMR, ...as kaempferol-3-O-{β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)}-β-D-galactopyranoside (1), its 3Gal-p-coumaric (2) and 3Gal-ferulic (3) esters, and its 4Gal-p-coumaric (4) and 4Gal-ferulic (5) esters.
The authors used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of multiply affected families to investigate the association of schizophrenia to common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and rare copy ...number variants (CNVs).
The family sample included 2,461 individuals from 631 pedigrees (581 in the primary European-ancestry analyses). Association was tested for single SNPs and genetic pathways. Polygenic scores based on family study results were used to predict case-control status in the Schizophrenia Psychiatric GWAS Consortium (PGC) data set, and consistency of direction of effect with the family study was determined for top SNPs in the PGC GWAS analysis. Within-family segregation was examined for schizophrenia-associated rare CNVs.
No genome-wide significant associations were observed for single SNPs or for pathways. PGC case and control subjects had significantly different genome-wide polygenic scores (computed by weighting their genotypes by log-odds ratios from the family study) (best p=10(-17), explaining 0.4% of the variance). Family study and PGC analyses had consistent directions for 37 of the 58 independent best PGC SNPs (p=0.024). The overall frequency of CNVs in regions with reported associations with schizophrenia (chromosomes 1q21.1, 15q13.3, 16p11.2, and 22q11.2 and the neurexin-1 gene NRXN1) was similar to previous case-control studies. NRXN1 deletions and 16p11.2 duplications (both of which were transmitted from parents) and 22q11.2 deletions (de novo in four cases) did not segregate with schizophrenia in families.
Many common SNPs are likely to contribute to schizophrenia risk, with substantial overlap in genetic risk factors between multiply affected families and cases in large case-control studies. Our findings are consistent with a role for specific CNVs in disease pathogenesis, but the partial segregation of some CNVs with schizophrenia suggests that researchers should exercise caution in using them for predictive genetic testing until their effects in diverse populations have been fully studied.
Six anthocyanins were isolated by classical methods from flowers of different horticultural
Begonia and have been identified by chemical and/or physical analysis. One is defined unambiguously as ...cyanidin 3-
O-(2″-xylosyl,6″-
trans caffeoyl)-glucoside (
13C and
1H NMR), and the other five have been determined, by degradative methods and comparison with standards, as the
cis form of the previous compound, and as
cis and
trans isomers of cyanidin 3-
O-(2″-xylosyl,6″-
p-coumaroyl)-glucoside and cyanidin 3-
O-(2″-glucosyl,6″-
p-coumaroyl)-glucoside. These pigments have also been found in different horticultural types of begonias by HPLC analysis.
Three new flavonol malonylrhamnosides, 3-O-(4″-O-malonyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranosides of mearnsetin, myricetin and quercetin respectively, together with the corresponding mearnsitrin, myricitrin, ...quercitrin and the 4-O-methyl phloracetophenone 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, were isolated from the leaves of Ribes alpinum and fully characterized by spectrocopic methods including 2D NMR.
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