Background: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is an age-related systemic microfibrillopathy, caused by progressive accumulation and gradual deposition of extracellular grey and white material over various ...tissues. It is associated with many intraocular abnormalities like poor pupillary dilatation, zonular dehiscence, glaucoma etc. Hence it is important to do detailed slit lamp examination with dilated pupil to detect the pseudoexfoliative deposits in eye, especially in elderly to prevent unforeseen complications.
Aims and Objective: To study pattern of distribution of pseudoexfoliative material in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and to study the dilatation profile of pupil in such eyes.
Materials and Methods: This observational study was conducted on patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome who attended OPD in the Upgraded Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College, Jammu from 1st April 2018 for a period of 6 months. The clearance was taken from ethical committee for the study in reference. Informed consent was taken from all the patients enrolled in the study.
Results: Pupillary margin was found to be the most common site for deposition of pex material i.e. 51 (75%) patients followed by anterior surface of lens in 32(47.05%) patients. Patients had simultaneous deposition of pex material over various parts of the eye. 64 (94.12%) patients had pex material deposited on pupil or lens. Only 1(1.47%) patient had pex deposits over cornea. 56 (82.35%) patients attained good to moderate dilatation of pupil with 0.8% tropicamide e/d. 12(17.65%) patients had pupillary dilatation of ≤4mm hence poor dilatation.
Conclusion: Pseudoexfoliation presents challenges that must be adequately addressed with detailed slit lamp examination. Cases may go undetected due to failure to dilate the pupil or to examine with slit lamp after dilatation. Adequate pre-operative assessment should especially be done before cataract surgery with the aim to identify problems like the possibility of fragile zonules and inadequate mydriasis which could increase intraoperative complications arising from undue manipulations.
Background: Peribulbar anaesthesia has almost totally replaced general anaesthesia and retrobulbar block for ocular procedures especially in adults. Peribulbar block involves injections above and ...below the orbit, with local anesthetic deposited within the orbit but does not enter the muscle cone. Relatively safe but it is still associated with complications which are detailed in this study.
Aims and Objective: To study the complications of classic double injection technique of peribulbar anaesthesia given in supine position before cataract surgery and to find the percentage of patients achieving complete block with 7ml of anaesthetic solution given by peribulbar route.
Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on 500 patients who were admitted for undergoing cataract extraction surgery in the Department of Ophthalmology in GMC Jammu for a period of 8 months from December 2018 to July 2019.
Results: It was observed that 103 patients out of 500 (20.6%) developed one or more of complications. Chemosis was the most common complication which occurred in 87 (17.4%) patients followed by subcunjunctival haemorrhage observed in 19 (3.8%) patients. Lid ecchymosis occurred in 16 (2.4%) patients. Retrobulbar haemorrhage occurred in 11 (2.2%) patients. 2 (0.4%) patients developed severe lid edema. In 2 (0.4%) patients wrong eye was given block. 1 (0.2%) patient developed CRAO. Complete akinesia was obtained in 415 (83%) patients with 7ml of block. Rest required supplementary injections. 14 (2.8%) patients did not attain full akinesia after 12ml of block.
Conclusion: Peribulbar block is a relatively safe procedure for obtaining ocular analgesia and akinesia, but is still associated with complications ranging from minor lid edema and chemosis to grave events like RBH to CRAO.
Agriculture sector has the largest share in employment and value added for many developing countries. This paper analyses the spatial contribution of agriculture sector to income, employment and per ...worker value added in top thirty countries which have highest share in agriculture sector in the World. The success of agricultural sector in income and employment has been designated to green revolution in India. China has proceeded with the process of structural change very rapidly. Ethiopia has the highest share of agriculture in employment which is an agriculture dominant country. The study gives clear picture that development of agriculture has been the essential element of structural transformation and will continue to be crucial in transformation in the future. The estimates of this study indicate that the changing role of agriculture in income and employment in the major countries followed by structural change has led to increasing the integration of the economies of the countries and their changing patterns of interlinkages between the agriculture sector and the other sectors in countries.
The aim of the study was to determine the cut-offs of anthropometric markers for detecting hypertension in an endogamous North Indian population. A cross-sectional study was carried out to collect ...data from 578 adult Aggarwal Baniya subjects (271 men and 307 women, mean age: 43.4 ± 5.3 and 38.7 ± 4.9 respectively) using multistage, stratified sampling method. Individual body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference, blood pressure were assessed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to find out the optimal cut-off values of various anthropometric markers to predict hypertension. The likelihood ratios for having hypertension in subjects with various cut-off values were calculated. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the independent relationship between the anthropometric markers and odds of having hypertension. The BMI cut-off to predict hypertension was 22.8 kg/m
2
in men and 28.8 kg/m
2
in women. The optimal WC cut-offs varied from 91–92 cm in both men and women. The WHR cut-off was about 0.90 in men and 0.78 in women respectively, and the optimal WHtR cut-off was 0.56 in men and 0.43 in women. The cut-off levels for BMI, WC and WHtR corresponded to the inflexion points in the likelihood ratio graphs. The area under curve (AUC) and odds ratios showed that the risk of having hypertension was highest with respect to increased BMI and that BMI is the best predictor of having hypertension. The cut-off points for detecting cardiovascular risk factors among our population are lower than the criteria by the World Health Organization. Although these results may not be readily applied to the rest of the Indian populations due to the multiethnic composition, they point to the necessity of similar studies with large randomized samples to find the cut-off levels for chronic conditions in different populations.
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•Coupled microalgal–bacterial biofilm (CMBB) on sponges improved wastewater quality.•Enriched biofilm on sponges was efficient without external energy for aeration.•8-fold COD ...reduction using CMBB with aeration and 4-fold using CMBB only.•4-day COD, BOD and phosphate removal using CMBB only was similar to aeration.•COD and BOD after CMBB were below maximum allowed for crop irrigation.
In view of water-resource depletion, treated wastewater can serve as an alternative source for crop irrigation. However, conventional wastewater-treatment plants are energy-intensive and costly to construct and operate, especially for lower middle-income countries. The present study focused on improving the quality of wastewater by incorporating a coupled microalgal–bacterial biofilm (CMBB) treatment in wastewater ponds. Standard polyether sponges were dipped in raw wastewater samples to enhance biofilm development on them. The enriched sponges were used to treat wastewater, with or without external energy for aeration. Wastewater parameters were analyzed during the enrichment and treatment processes. The CMBB technology and aeration resulted in similar improvement of effluent quality, but the former saved on energy costs, and reduced total chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 36 % within 24 h and 71 % within 4 days; the values of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammonium and phosphates decreased by 80 %, 64 % and 95 %, respectively, within 7 days. The resultant COD and BOD values were below the maximum allowed for reuse and discharge.
The aim of our study was to investigate blood pressure (BP) levels and their association with different indices of body fat in adult Baniyas.
A cross-sectional survey was carried out on an endogamous ...group of 577 adults (307 females and 270 males) aged 25-60 years in Delhi, India.
Data were collected for weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure using standardized procedure. Body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), waist to height ratio (WHtR) and grand mean thickness (GMT) were calculated to assess obesity. Also, the sex-specific prevalence estimates for various BP categories was calculated. Correlation was calculated between systolic and diastolic BP and various indices of obesity. Odds ratios for association of hypertension with obesity indices were obtained using multiple logistic regression.
Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension was higher among males and prevalence of obesity was higher in females. Correlations of BP with all indices of obesity were significant. Odds ratio of hypertension was higher in males than in females for all the indices of obesity at 95% CI.
Although obesity was found to be higher among females, males were found to be at higher risk of hypertension. High odds ratios of obesity indicate that the optimum cut-off should be calculated for screening those who are at-risk of becoming hypertensive and thus are at the greater risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.
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