Gallic acid (GA) is a hydrophilic polyphenol which is noteworthy for strong antioxidant capacity. The drawbacks of conventional extraction approaches such as time-consuming and high processing cost ...are often viewed as a hurdle to extract GA from plant sources in industrial scale. Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is a separation approach which can be employed as an alternative to the conventional approaches. The partition behaviour of GA in an alcohol/salt ATPS was investigated in this study to aid the development of industrial scale ATPS to extract GA from natural sources. The separation of GA was characterized by determining the types of alcohol and salt, phase composition, sample load, pH of the system and addition of adjuvants applied in the alcohol/salt ATPS construction. The hydrophilic GA was targeted to the salt-rich phase of the alcohol/salt ATPS with a partition coefficient (KGA) of 25.00 ± 0.00. The optimum condition of ATPS for the maximum partition of GA was achieved in ATPS comprised of 24% (w/w) 1-propanol and 22% (w/w) phosphate salt at pH 8 with 5% (w/w) of 1 mg/mL sample loading and 2% (w/w) NaCl addition. The findings suggest that ATPS can be applied for separation of GA from various natural sources.
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•Alcohol/salt ATPS is feasible for the exclusive partition of gallic acid (GA) standard.•GA was partitioned to the salt-rich bottom phase of alcohol/salt ATPS.•Highest KGA of 25.00 ± 0.00 was attained with the optimum 1-propanol/sulphate ATPS.
Microbial astaxanthin with strong antioxidant activity is greatly demanded for diverse applications. Extractive disruption in aqueous biphasic system (ABS) integrates the cells disruption and ...biomolecules recovery processes in one-step operation, allowing the direct recovery of intracellular biomolecules with biphasic system upon released from cells. In this study, astaxanthin was recovered from recombinant Kluyveromyces marxianus yeast cells via extractive disruption using alcohol/salt ABS. Recombinant K. marxianus yeast is engineered to produce high concentration of free form astaxanthin. Highest partition coefficient (K = 90.02 ± 2.25) and yield (Y = 96.80% ± 0.05) of astaxanthin were obtained with ABS composed of 20% (w/w) 1-propanol and 20% (w/w) sodium citrate of pH 5, 0.5% (w/w) yeast cells loading and additional of 1% (w/w) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (Bmim)BF4 to improve the migration of astaxanthin to alcohol-rich top phase. The incorporation of 2.5 h of ultrasonication to the biphasic system further enhanced the astaxanthin recovery in ABS. The direct recovery of astaxanthin from recombinant K. marxianus cells was demonstrated with the ultrasonication-assisted alcohol/salt ABS which integrates the extraction and concentration of astaxanthin in a single-step operation.
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•Astaxanthin was recovered with ultrasonication-assisted aqueous biphasic system.•Incorporation of ultrasonication enhanced the intracellular astaxanthin extraction.•High yield of astaxanthin (96.80% ± 0.05%) was achieved in 1-propanol/citrate ABS.
Aqueous biphasic flotation (ABF) integrates aqueous biphasic system (ABS) and solvent sublation for recovery of target biomolecules. The feasibility of the alcohol/salt ABF for exclusive partition of ...cytochrome c to one specific phase of the system was investigated. Aliphatic alcohols of different carbon chain length (ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol) and salts (sulfate, phosphate and citrate) were used for the phase formation. The effects of phase composition, concentration of sample loading, pH, flotation time and flow rate of the system on the partition efficiency of cytochrome c were determined. Cytochrome c was exclusively partitioned to the alcohol-rich top phase of the ABF of 18% (w/w) ethanol and 26% (w/w) ammonium sulfate with pH 6 and 20% (w/w) of sample loading. Highest partition coefficient (K) of 6.85 ± 0.21 and yield (YT) of 99.40% ± 0.02 were obtained with optimum flotation rate of 10 mL/min and flow rate of 10 min.
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•Cytochrome c is preferably partitioned to the salt-rich phase in all alcohol/salt aqueous biphasic flotation (ABF) except ethanol/salt ABF.•Increase in the flow rate of the compressed air reduces the partition coefficient and yield of cytochrome c in the top phase.•Cytochrome c can be exclusively partitioned to the alcohol-rich top phase of ABF with K of 6.85 ± 0.21 and YT of 99.40% ± 0.02.
As plastic waste has continued to increase over the years, there is an appeal for environmental-friendly packaging containing bioactive components such as essential oil for food packaging. However, ...the loss of activity and insolubility of essential oil in biopolymer-based packaging film remains a challenge. Hence, this study aimed to develop a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)–chitosan (CS) based antibacterial film containing a Persicaria minor Huds. essential oil nanoemulsion. The coarse-emulsified and nanoemulsified P. minor Huds. essential oils were evaluated to select the desirable emulsion type for the polymer-based film. Different concentrations of the selected essential oil emulsion (0, 4%, 8%, and 12% v/v) were incorporated into the 1.5 : 1% (w/v) CMC–CS based film. The nanoemulsion exhibited a smaller droplet size, lower whiteness index, and higher antibacterial activity as compared to the coarse emulsion. The addition of the P. minor Huds. essential oil nanoemulsion in the composite film lowered Young's modulus, resulting in a more flexible and less rigid film. The 12% (v/v) essential oil nanoemulsion film displayed desirable characteristics with 0.15 mm thickness, 11.52 A 600 /mm opacity, 65.5% water solubility, and the lowest moisture content (19.21%) among the different concentrations. Additionally, the 12% (v/v) nanoemulsion CMC-CS based film had the least irregular surface structure, highest antioxidant activity (4.25 mg TE g −1 ), and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis (7.19 and 7.85 mm) as compared to other concentrations. The present work demonstrates the potential of the P. minor Huds. essential oil nanoemulsion in CMC–CS based film as bioactive packaging to prevent the presence of common foodborne pathogens in food products.
Aqueous biphasic electrophoresis system (ABES) incorporates electric fields into the biphasic system to separate the target biomolecules from crude feedstock. Ionic liquid (IL) is regarded as an ...excellent candidate as the phase-forming components for ABES because of the great electrical conductivity, which can promote the electromigration of biomolecules in ABES, and thereby enhances the separation efficiency of the target biomolecules from crude feedstock. The application of electric fields to the conventional biphasic system expedites the phase settling time of the biphasic system, which eases the subsequent scaling-up steps and reduces the overall processing time of the recovery process. Alkyl sulphate-based IL is a green and economical halide-free surfactant when compared to the other halide-containing IL. The feasibility of halide-free IL-based ABES to recover
TWHK01 keratinase was studied. Optimum partition coefficient (K
= 7.53 ± 0.35) and yield (Y
= 80.36% ± 0.71) were recorded with IL-ABES comprised of 15.0% (
/
) EMIMESO
, 20.0% (
/
) sodium carbonate and 15% (
/
) crude feedstock. Selectivity (S) of 5.75 ± 0.27 was obtained with the IL-ABES operated at operation time of 5 min with 10 V voltage supplied. Halide-free IL is proven to be a potential phase-forming component of IL-ABES for large-scale recovery of keratinase.
Ectoine is an osmoregulatory compound synthesized by halophiles which has attracted attention in the biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics industries due to its stabilizing and protective ...properties. Conventional methods for ectoine recovery are complex, costly, and often result in low yields. Therefore, there is a growing interest in exploring simple and cost-effective strategies for ectoine recovery. The aqueous biphasic system (ABS) has been employed for the recovery and purification of numerous biocompounds, but the study of low-molecular weight compounds partitioning in ABS remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of alcohol–salt ABS for ectoine recovery from Halomonas salina DSM5928T cells. The influences of types and compositions of phase-forming components, crude load concentration, pH, and adjuvants on ectoine recovery were evaluated. Results revealed that ectoine favoured partitioning into the salt-rich bottom phase of alcohol–salt ABS owing to its inherent hydrophilic characteristic. ABS consisting of 16% (w/w) 1-propanol, 20% (w/w) sulphate at pH 6.0, 30% (w/w) crude load, and 1% (w/w) sodium chloride resulted in a partition coefficient (KE) of 9.61 ± 0.05 and a yield (YB) of 97.50% ± 0.21. A purity (PE) of 86.73% was achieved with the 1-propanol-sulphate ABS. Alcohol–salt ABS proved to be an effective approach for ectoine recovery, meeting the raising market demand for industrial applications.
Cytochrome
c
is a small water-soluble protein that is abundantly found in the mitochondrial intermembrane space of microorganism, plants and mammalians. Ionic liquids (ILs)–based aqueous two-phase ...electrophoresis system (ATPES) was introduced in this study to investigate the partition efficiency of cytochrome
c
to facilitate subsequent development of two-phase electrophoresis for the separation of cytochrome
c
from microbial fermentation. The 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, (C
6
mim)Br and potassium citrate salt were selected as the phase-forming components. Effects of phase composition; position of electrodes; pH and addition of neutral salt on the partition efficiency of cytochrome
c
in the ATPES were evaluated. Highest partition coefficient (
K
= 179.12 ± 0.82) and yield of cytochrome
c
in top phase (
Y
T
= 99.63% ± 0.00) were recorded with IL/salt ATPES composed of 30% (w/w) (C
6
mim)Br and 20% (w/w) potassium citrate salt of pH 7 and 3.0% (w/w) NaCl addition with anode at the bottom phase and cathode at the top phase. The SDS-PAGE profile revealed that cytochrome
c
with a molecular weight of 12 kDa was preferably partitioned to the IL-rich top phase. Present findings suggested that the single-step ATPES is a potential separation approach for the recovery of cytochrome
c
from microbial fermentation.
Graphical Abstract
Garcinia mangostana
pericarp is a good source of natural antioxidants with numerous functional properties. The conventional approaches for the recovery of antioxidants from
Garcinia mangostana
...pericarp require long processing time and high temperature, which may cause degradation or loss of bioactivity of antioxidants, and often result in low recovery efficiency. In this study, the extraction of antioxidants from
Garcinia mangostana
pericarp was investigated using a polyethylene glycol (PEG)/citrate aqueous biphasic system (ABS) with the addition of surfactants. The optimum condition for the recovery of antioxidants was achieved in PEG 1000/citrate ABS of pH 8 with tie-line length (TLL) of 48.3% (w/w), volume ratio (
V
R
) of 1.6, 0.2% (w/w) sample loading and addition of 1.0% (w/w) Tween 85. The antioxidants were recovered in the PEG-rich top phase with a high
K
value of 18.23 ± 0.33 and a recovery yield of 92.01% ± 0.09. The findings suggested that the addition of surfactants to polymer/salt ABS can enhance the recovery of antioxidants from
Garcinia mangostana
pericarps by conserving the antioxidative properties.
•The status of food waste in respect of management and sustainable development is reviewed.•A variety of high-value bioproducts fermented and extracted from food waste was summarized.•Biorefinery ...technologies play several advantages on circular bioeconomy of food waste.
The increasing amounts of food wastage and accumulation generated per annum due to the growing human population worldwide often associated with environmental pollution issues and scarcity of natural resources. In view of this, science community has worked towards in finding sustainable approaches to replace the common practices for food waste management. The agricultural and food processing wastes rich in nutrients are often the attractive substrates for the bioconversion for valuable bioproducts such as industrial enzymes, biofuel and bioactive compounds. The sustainable approaches on the re-utilization of food wastes as the industrial substrates for production of valuable bioproducts has meet the goals of circular bioeconomy, results in the diversify applications and increasing market demands for the bioproducts. This review discusses the current practice and recent advances on reutilization of food waste for bioconversion of valuable bioproducts from agricultural and food processing wastes.
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