Because news websites' comments have become an important space of spreading hate speech, this article tries to contribute to uncovering the characteristics of Internet hate speech by combining ...discourse analyses of comments on Slovenian news websites with online in-depth interviews with producers of hate speech comments, researching their values, beliefs, and motives for production. Producers of hate speech use different strategies, mostly rearticulating the meaning of news items. The producers either are organized or act on their own initiative. The main motive of soldiers and believers is the mission; they share characteristics of an authoritarian personality. The key motives of the players are thrill and fun. The watchdogs are motivated by drawing attention to social injustice. The last two groups share the characteristics of a libertarian personality.
Povečan globalni domet in vpliv medijev v novem tisočletju vzpostavljata potrebo po globalni novinarski etiki pri poročanju o mednarodno relevantnih zadevah. V središču raziskovalnega zanimanja je ...vprašanje, ali je mogoče in zaželeno razviti niz skupnih etičnih načel v univer-zalnem novinarskem kodeksu. Pri tem so ključna vprašanja, ali je mogoče priti do soglasja o univerzalnih vrednotah, ali jih je smiselno kodificirati in ali je uvedba univerzalnega kodeksa lahko učinkovit vzvod globalne novinarske odgovornosti. Etičnih kodeksov ni mogoče enačiti z novinarsko etiko in etičnim odločanjem, na katera vplivajo različni dejavniki. Pomembno je razvijati družbeno in medijsko klimo, ki bo v uredništvih spodbujala vrednote globalne etike. Vendar zavrnitev univerzalnega kodeksa ne pomeni zavrnitve vključevanja kozmopolitske perspektive v novinarsko poročanje. Prav tako ne pomeni, da je treba opustiti idejo o univerzalnem kodeksu. Razprave o njem bi morale biti del obsežnega in nenehnega samospraševanja novinarjev o svojem poslanstvu, položaju in prihodnosti. Razumeti jih je treba predvsem kot priložnost za širšo analizo stanja v profesiji in kritičen premislek o tem, kaj lahko novinarska skupnost in družba storita za premostitev ovir pri uresničevanju cilja svobodnega in odgovornega novinarstva.
The increased global reach and impact of media in the new millennium raises the need for a global journalism ethics when reporting on matters of international relevance. In the limelight of the research interest is the question whether it is possible and desired to develop a set of common ethical principles in a universal journalism code. The crucial questions are whether it is possible to come to an agreement about universal values, whether it is reasonable to codify them and whether the adoption of a universal code can be an efficient instrument of global journalistic responsibility. Ethical codes cannot be equated with journalism ethics and ethical decision-making, which is influenced by different factors. It is important to develop a social and media climate which will stimulate values of global ethics in media newsrooms. However, the rejection of a universal code does not imply a rejection of including a cosmopolitan perspective in news reporting. It also does not mean that the idea of a universal code should be abandoned. Discussions about it should be part of an extensive and constant journalists' self-questioning about their mission, situation and future. They should be understood mostly as an opportunity for a wider analysis of state of the profession and for a critical reflection on what the journalistic community and the society can do to surmount the obstacles when carrying out the goal of free and responsible journalism.
To propagate fear, terrorists primarily use social media. Nevertheless, traditional mass media remain very important public sources of information on terrorists' violent acts. Terrorism acts have ...high news value, so it is pertinent to consider how news media should report them. In the present paper, we ? rst discuss the dilemma between the public's right to be informed about such attacks on the one hand and the value of security on the other. The case of the abduction and execution of Tomislav Salopek, which took place in 2015, was studied. An analysis of 57 news reports on the event from the most-visited news websites in Slovenia showed that several guidelines that should be followed when covering terrorism were not given enough consideration by the media. Among them were invading privacy of the victim's family and providing only super? cial, simpli? ed analysis, with no root cause analysis of the act in question. In the conclusion part, we argue that this was partially caused by the market orientation of the observed websites. In addition, we discuss how such unethical reporting may be rooted in journalists and editors' lack of knowledge about the possible adverse consequences of their actions.
Pojav spletnega novinarstva je privedel do novih etičnih dilem in zmede glede etičnih standardov. Pojavljajo se dvomi o ustreznosti tradicionalne novinarske etike za spletno novinarstvo, saj gre za ...področje, na katerem trčijo stare in nove vrednote. Cilj tega članka je raziskati etične dileme spletnih novinarjev in urednikov, strategije reševanja in stališča o potrebi po prilagoditvi etičnih kodeksov izzivom spletnega okolja. Poglobljeni intervjuji z dvanajstimi novinarji in uredniki treh najbolj branih slovenskih spletnih novičarskih medijev (24ur.com, Siol.net in Rtvslo.si) so pokazali, da imajo intervjuvanci težave z jasnim in s sistematičnim izražanjem o etičnih temah. Njihove odločitve bolj kot na teoretsko utemeljenem presojanju temeljijo na izkušnjah in zdravem razumu. Kljub temu je bilo mogoče razbrati šest ključnih dilem in različne strategije reševanja, stališča o spreminjanju kodeksov pa so bila raznolika in brez konkretnih predlogov.
The aim of this article is to reveal the production process behind unethical and illegal advertorials — to uncover its main actors, their motives, and responses to this practice. The study combines ...participant observation and interviews with the main participants in the production of texts which appear in an identical form to journalistic text, yet are commercial messages. The analysis showed that the key actors are advertisers, as they are the initiators of the practice; they define the content and the form of publication to achieve commercial benefit. Both marketing agents and journalists/editors are more or less subordinate to them at all stages of the production. The analysis also revealed that relations between the main actors in the advertorial production process are predominately negative, even antagonistic, although members of a specific group, especially journalists and editors, do not share a homogenous view towards other actors or the advertorial practice itself.
While media and journalism studies focus on advertising pressures on news producers, media pressures on advertisers are overlooked. The present study is the first to analyze media pressures on ...advertisers and the ways in which all participants interpret the phenomenon. This study used ethnographic methods to study 10 Slovenian television stations and 10 corporate marketing departments, as well as in-depth interviews with key actors. The research showed that television advertising practitioners and journalists exert pressure on advertisers to pay for news that either promotes products/services or suppresses information that reflects badly on advertisers.
A Discursive Approach to Genre Erjavec, Karmen; Poler Kovačič, Melita
European journal of communication (London),
06/2009, Volume:
24, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
■ This article argues that genres are discursive categories that move beyond the boundaries of media texts and operate within industry, audience and social practices as well. It demonstrates the ...usefulness of an expanded genre analysis. The genre chain of mobi news, which relies on the use of mobile telephone cameras and is a popular genre in Slovenian and Balkan media, is explored by combining text analysis with an analysis of discourse practice and social practice. Mobi news items are produced as a denunciatory participatory practice in which audience participation is managed by the production team: journalists define the content and the structure of the news while the audience's activity is reduced to spying and denunciating. ■
In the last few years, a new practice known as semi-investigative reporting has appeared in Slovenian journalism. This article presents a study of the strategies used by reporters to construct an ...image of investigative reporting and of reporters' own interpretations of this practice. A critical discourse analysis of reports of institutional scandals in the Slovenian quality daily press during a four-year period is combined with in-depth interviews with reporters. Textual analysis revealed four strategies used in the majority of reports: factism; extensive citing of authoritative official sources; reliance on faceless (secret) sources; and appealing to common knowledge and common sense. The interviewees justified semi-investigative reporting via the changes in contemporary journalism, the tastes and desires of their readers, and market-driven pressures from editors. Semi-investigative reporters do not uncover failures in society's systems of regulation, but in truth they stabilize relations of power within society. In the long term, this practice is harmful to the readers who are exposed to the agendas and frames of official sources under the veil of investigative reporting, which diminishes the credibility of quality media, which are supposed to make those holding power accountable.
The practice of so-called mobi journalism at a commercial television station, which has been promoting itself as the first case of citizen journalism in Slovenia, is explored by text analysis ...combined with an analysis of discourse processes using ethnographic methods. The article examines whether the television station actually follows the purposes of this model of audience participation. The analysis reveals that it is, in fact, a market-driven quasi-citizen journalism practice, abusing the term "citizen journalism" and exploiting new media technologies for commercial purposes. In the news published on the website and in the television programme, it is the media producers who covertly make key decisions, defining the content and the structure of the news; while the audience members' activity is reduced to "spying" (searching for and taking photos of alleged offences or irregularities by lower public officials) and denunciating (sending such photos to a television station). The success of this practice results from an unusual connection between the past socialist and contemporary profits-oriented journalistic practices and behaviour patterns.
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