Root-to-shoot translocation of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) depends on the concentrations of both metals in the medium. A previous study on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pointed to the contribution of ...NtZIP1, NtZIP2, NtZIP4 and NtIRT1-like in the regulation of this phenomenon. To learn more, Zn and Cd accumulation, root/shoot distribution and the expression of ZIP genes were investigated in the apical, middle and basal root parts.
We show that Zn/Cd status-dependent root-shoot distribution of both metals was related to distinct metal accumulation in root parts. At low Zn and Cd in the medium, the apical part contained the highest metal level; at higher concentrations, the middle and basal parts were the major sink for excess metal. The above were accompanied by root part-specific expression pattern modifications of ZIPs (NtZIP1-like, NtZIP2, NtZIP4A/B, NtZIP5A/B, NtZIP5-like, NtZIP8, NtZIP11, NtIRT1, and NtIRT1-like) that fell into four categories with respect to the root part. Furthermore, for lower Zn/Cd concentrations changes were noted for NtZIP5A/B and NtZIP5-like only, but at higher Zn and Cd levels for NtZIP1-like, NtZIP5-like, NtZIP8, NtZIP11, NtIRT1, and NtIRT1-like. NtZIP1, here renamed to NtZIP5B, was cloned and characterized. We found that it was a zinc deficiency-inducible transporter involved in zinc and cadmium uptake from the soil solution primarily by the middle root part.
We conclude that regulation of the longitudinal distribution of Zn and Cd is highly specific, and that the apical, middle and basal root parts play distinct roles in Zn/Cd status-dependent control of metal translocation efficiency to shoots, including the stimulation of Zn translocation to shoots in the presence of Cd. These results provide new insight into the root part-specific unique role of NtZIP5B and other ZIP genes in the longitudinal distribution of zinc and cadmium and their contribution to the regulation of root-to-shoot translocation.
During the European Cancer Congress, the melanoma sessions focused on practice changing trials. Recent developments and approvals in immunotherapy and targeted agents have significantly changed the ...landscape of melanoma therapy in the metastatic setting and provide great promise for adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment in high-risk locoregional disease. Perioperative (combined pre- and postoperative) strategies may be extremely beneficial for patients with bulky stage IIIC disease. The long-term results of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) 18071 adjuvant trial ipilimumab versus placebo after complete resection of high-risk stage III melanoma, demonstrating improvement in overall survival, has established the reference bar for further trials with postoperative therapy.
Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (
NRAMP
) genes encode proteins with low substrate specificity, important for maintaining metal cross homeostasis in the cell. The role of these ...proteins in tobacco, an important crop plant with wide application in the tobacco industry as well as in phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soils, remains unknown. Here, we identified NtNRAMP3, the closest homologue to NRAMP3 proteins from other plant species, and functionally characterized it. A NtNRAMP3-GFP fusion protein was localized to the plasma membrane in tobacco epidermal cells. Expression of
NtNRAMP3
in yeast was able to rescue the growth of Fe and Mn uptake defective Δ
fet3fet4
and Δ
smf1
mutant yeast strains, respectively. Furthermore,
NtNRAMP3
expression in wild-type
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
DY1457 yeast strain increased sensitivity to elevated concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd). Taken together, these results point to a possible role in the uptake of metals. NtNRAMP3 was expressed in the leaves and to a lesser extent in the roots of tobacco plants. Its expression occurred mainly under control conditions and decreased very sharply in deficiency and excess of the tested metals. GUS-based analysis of the site-specific activity of the
NtNRAMP3
promoter showed that it was primarily expressed in the xylem of leaf blades. Overall, our data indicate that the main function of NtNRAMP3 is to maintain cross homeostasis of Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, and Ni (also Cd) in leaves under control conditions by controlling xylem unloading.
In tobacco, the efficiency of Zn translocation to shoots depends on Zn/Cd status. Previous studies pointed to the specific contribution of root parts in the regulation of this process, as well as the ...role of
/
(from the ZIP family; Zrt Irt-like Proteins). Here, to verify this hypothesis,
/
RNAi lines were generated. Then, in plants exposed to combinations of Zn and Cd concentrations in the medium, the consequences of
/
suppression for the translocation of both metals were determined. Furthermore, the apical, middle, and basal root parts were examined for accumulation of both metals, for Zn localization (using Zinpyr-1), and for modifications of the expression pattern of
genes. Our results confirmed the role of
/
in the control of Zn/Cd-status-dependent transfer of both metals to shoots. Furthermore, they indicated that the middle and basal root parts contributed to the regulation of this process by acting as a reservoir for excess Zn and Cd. Expression studies identified several candidate
genes that interact with
/
in the root in regulating Zn and Cd translocation to the shoot, primarily
in the basal root part and
in the middle one.
Lyme Neuroborreliosis in Children Kozak, Sylwia; Kaminiów, Konrad; Kozak, Katarzyna ...
Brain sciences,
06/2021, Volume:
11, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is an infectious disease, developing after a tick bite and the dissemination of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes reach the nervous system. The infection occurs ...in children and adults but with different clinical courses. Adults complain of radicular pain and paresis, while among the pediatric population, the most common manifestations of LNB are facial nerve palsy and/or subacute meningitis. Moreover, atypical symptoms, such as fatigue, loss of appetite, or mood changes, may also occur. The awareness of the various clinical features existence presented by children with LNB suspicion remains to be of the greatest importance to diagnose and manage the disease.
•Svalbard, due to location, can be a model place for monitoring pollution transport.•Persistent organic pollutants threaten the balance of the Arctic ecosystem.•The environment of Svalbard is prone ...to store pollution.•A variety of low level, but harmful, concentrations pollutants are found at Svalbard.
The Svalbard Archipelago differs from other polar regions due to its specific environmental conditions and geographic location, which mean that the area gathers pollution from long-range transport. Due to recent developments in analytical techniques, it is possible to determine the concentration of pollutants at the levels present there. The data obtained do not only constitute a source of information about the changes in the polar environment but also enable evaluation of the influence of particular pollutants on the global ecosystem.
Publications in peer-reviewed journals are a major criterion for assessing scientists for promotion, tenure or funding. Yet there are different ways of becoming an author on a scientific publication, ...and not all authors are viewed as equal contributors. Qualitatively speaking, those listed first or last in the byline are generally apportioned more credit for the work than middle authors. However, exactly how much authors are perceived to contribute from their byline position is not known.
Tobacco is frequently considered as a plant useful for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soil, despite the mechanisms for regulation of uptake and accumulation being largely unknown. Here we ...cloned and characterized a new tobacco Zn and Cd transporter
from the ZIP family (ZRT-IRT-Like proteins). It complemented the Zn-uptake defective yeast mutant
, and rendered the wild type DY1457 yeast more sensitive to Cd. Bioinformatic analysis and transient expression of the NtZIP4B-GFP fusion protein in tobacco leaves indicated its localization to the plasma membrane. Real-time q-PCR based analysis showed that it is expressed in all vegetative organs with the highest level in leaves. The Zn status determined transcript abundance;
was upregulated by Zn-deficiency and downregulated by Zn excess. At the tissue level, in roots
is expressed in the vasculature of the middle part of the roots and in surrounding tissues including the root epidermis; in leaves primarily in the vasculature. Bioinformatic analysis identified two copies of
in tobacco,
and
with 97.57% homology at the amino acid level, with the same expression pattern for both, indicating a high degree of functional redundancy. Moreover, the present study provides new insights into the coordinated function of
,
in response to low-to-high Zn status. Leaves were the major site of
, and
expression, and roots for
, and
-like. Contrasting expression level in the apical and basal root parts indicates distinct roles in root-specific processes likely contributing to the regulation of Zn root-to-shoot translocation. In summary, new insight into the role of
genes in Zn homeostasis pointing to their overlapping and complementary functions, offers opportunities for strategies to modify Zn and Cd root/shoot partition in tobacco.
Due to the heterogeneity of soft tissue sarcomas (STS), the choice of the proper perioperative treatment regimen is challenging. Neoadjuvant therapy has attracted increasing attention due to several ...advantages, particularly in patients with locally advanced disease. The number of available neoadjuvant modalities is growing continuously. We may consider radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiosensitizers, hyperthermia, and their combinations. This review discusses possible neoadjuvant treatment options in STS with an emphasis on available evidence, indications for each treatment type, and related risks. Finally, we summarize current recommendations of the STS neoadjuvant therapy response assessment.
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