Sažetak. Rak debelog crijeva jedan je od najčešćih zloćudnih tumora u zapadnim zemljama. Ishod liječenja bolesnika s ovom bolešću posljednjih se godina znatno poboljšao zbog napretka u dijagnostici ...(patohistologija, radiologija, nuklearna medicina), kirurškom i onkološkom liječenju (kemoterapija, imunoterapija, radioterapija) te provođenju probira. Dodatan je napredak postignut u definiranju prognostičkih i prediktivnih čimbenika raka debelog crijeva. Neobično je važno naglasiti multidisciplinarni pristup bolesnicima s rakom debelog crijeva te donošenje odluke o optimalnom cilju i strategiji liječenja na temelju dokaza.
Sažetak. Iako se učestalost najčešćega malignog tumora želuca, adenokarcinoma, posljednjih desetljeća smanjuje, raste učestalost proksimalnih lokalizacija raka želuca i ezofagogastričnog prijelaza. ...Zbog uglavnom kasnog otkrivanja već uznapredovale bolesti rezultati liječenja oboljelih ne zadovoljavaju. Dijagnoza se najčešće postavlja biopsijom učinjenom tijekom ezofagogastroskopije. Liječenje lokoregionalne bolesti temelji se na kirurškom zahvatu u kombinaciji s perioperativnom kemoterapijom. Alternativno, ako nije primijenjena preoperativna kemoterapija, potrebno je provesti adjuvantnu kemoradioterapiju ili kemoterapiju. Metastatska bolest liječi se palijativnom kemoterapijom i suportivnom terapijom. Odluku o liječenju donosi multidisciplinarni tim individualiziranim pristupom svakom bolesniku. U tekstu koji slijedi sadržane su kliničke upute radi standardizacije dijagnostičkih postupaka, liječenja i praćenja bolesnika s rakom želuca u Republici Hrvatskoj.
The diagnosis and staging of acute cholecystitis, upon a lot of diagnostic methods and some scoring systems, is still a great clinical problem. The aim of the study was to investigate if serum ...Troponin I is elevated in patients with acute cholecystitis. Following informed consent, 65 patients with clinical and laboratory signs of acute cholecystitis were enrolled. All patients had measured serum Troponin I level and an abdominal ultrasound was done before definitive treatment was performed. Increased serum Troponin I level was found in most patients with severe form of acute cholecystitis (p < 0.00001). It reached sensitivity of 94.5% and specificity of 57.1% of this test. In multiple regression analysis Troponin I significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with the serum aspartate aminotransferase (r = 0.27), gamma-glutamyl transferase (r = 0.25) and gallbladder wall (> 6 mm) thickness (r = 0.58). Our study confirms that in most patients with severe and acute cholecystitis, serum Troponin I is increased. Troponin I level is in a lower range than it would be in patients with cardiac muscle damage or necrosis. Measuring serum Troponin I is a fast, reliable and widely performed test that could, with other routinely measured parameters, help in early diagnosis of the severe form of acute cholecystitis.
The information on microbiota composition in the human gastrointestinal tract predominantly originates from the analyses of human faeces by application of next generation sequencing (NGS). However, ...the detected composition of the faecal bacterial community can be affected by various factors including experimental design and procedures. This study evaluated the performance of different protocols for collection and storage of faecal samples (native and OMNIgene.GUT system) and bacterial DNA extraction (MP Biomedicals, QIAGEN and MO BIO kits), using two NGS platforms for 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Ilumina MiSeq and Ion Torrent PGM). OMNIgene.GUT proved as a reliable and convenient system for collection and storage of faecal samples although favouring Sutterella genus. MP provided superior DNA yield and quality, MO BIO depleted Gram positive organisms while using QIAGEN with OMNIgene.GUT resulted in greatest variability compared to other two kits. MiSeq and IT platforms in their supplier recommended setups provided comparable reproducibility of donor faecal microbiota. The differences included higher diversity observed with MiSeq and increased capacity of MiSeq to detect Akkermansia muciniphila, Odoribacteraceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Ruminococcaceae (primarily Faecalibacterium prausnitzii). The results of our study could assist the investigators using NGS technologies to make informed decisions on appropriate tools for their experimental pipelines.
Etrasimod, a novel selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicinal Agency for the treatment of ...moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adults. In this research, the forced degradation study as an integral part of drug product and packaging development, which generates data on degradation mechanisms, is published. The development and validation of the stability-indicating method using a superior high-performance liquid chromatography technique coupled with a diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometer was performed to support the forced degradation study and monitor the formation of degradation products. Etrasimod demonstrated good stability under elevated temperature and basic stress conditions, while acidic hydrolysis, oxidative, and photolytic degradation produced eight degradation products. The knowledge of degradation products will be useful in the long-term stability study for establishing the acceptance criteria of etrasimod as a drug substance and dosage form during quality control and stability assessment. The eco-friendliness of the developed forced degradation procedure was evaluated using various greenness appraisal tools. The green metric tools showed that the forced degradation procedure obeys eco-friendly conditions.
•Development of stability-indicating method for etrasimod by HPLC/DAD/MS/MS.•Etrasimod demonstrated stability under elevated temperature and basic hydrolysis.•The stress conditions produced eight degradation products of etrasimod.•The eco-friendliness of the procedure was evaluated using 4 greenness appraisal tools.
Uz endoskopske i radiološke metode, osovinu dijagnostike funkcijskih poremećaja jednjaka čini manometrija. Radi se o tradicionalnoj metodi kojom se ispituje funkcijska sposobnost gornjeg i donjeg ...sfinktera te tijela jednjaka. Prateći razvoj informatičke tehnologije, konvencionalna se manometrija tijekom proteklih desetljeća transformirala u manometriju visoke rezolucije. Tehnika visoke rezolucije omogućuje bolju prostornu razlučivost svih segmenata jednjaka, znatno je olakšana inicijalna orijentacija prema svim strukturnim podjedinicama jednjaka te je kraće vrijeme pretrage, što bolesniku uvelike olakšava podnošljivost procedure. Manometrija visoke rezolucije koristi dvije vrste katetera – čvrsti i vodom-perfundirani (silikonski), u koje su ugrađeni multipli senzori koji imaju mogućnost radijalne detekcije signala iz bliskih dijelova tkiva. Današnja tehnologija omogućuje i inkorporaciju impedancijskih senzora u kateter, koji temeljem promjena otpora u tkivu jednjaka detektiraju suptilne promjene u tranzitu bolusa hrane ili tekućine. Funkcijski, odnosno poremećaji motiliteta jednjaka prema definiranim parametrima Chicago klasifikacije kategoriziraju se hijerarhijski u poremećaje s opstrukcijom na razini ezofago-gastričnog spoja, velike poremećaje te male poremećaje peristaltike. Uvođenje ove metode, kao i redovito ažuriranje Chicago klasifikacije, omogućuje značajan napredak u dijagnostici, posljedično i liječenju sve češćih funkcijskih poremećaja jednjaka.
Nutritional support, addressing the specific needs of this patient group, is required to help improve prognosis, and reduce the consequences of cancer-associated nutritional decline. Early ...intervention with nutritional supplementation has been shown to halt malnutrition, and may improve outcome in some patients. In our study we tried to assess the influence of nutritional support (counseling, oral liquids, megestrol acetate) on nutritional status and symptoms prevalence in patients with colorectal cancer during chemotherapy. Group I consisted of 215 (55%) patients with medium age 68 +/- 2.6 years who were monitored prospectively and were given nutritional support. Group II included 173 (45%) patients (medium age 67 +/- 2.9 years) without the proper nutritional counseling, in whom the data were collected retrospectively during a 6 years period of time. After evaluation Nottingham Screening Tool Score, Appetite Loss Scale and Karnofsky Performance Status) all patients in the group I received nutritional counseling, 153 of them (72%) were taking form of enteral food supplement and 103 (48%) patients were using megestrol acetate. Evaluating the initial risk measurements according to BMI, decrease in weight gain and NST, we did not find any significant difference between the two groups. After chemotherapy completion, patients in group I had a 15.3% drop of those who's BMI was < 20.65% patients increased their body weight, with an average weight gain of 1.5 kg (0.6-2.8 kg). Contrary, in group II we found increase in weight loss > or = 2 kg/month in 39% of patients. The appetite improvement was detected on Appetite Loss Scale from 3.1 (pre-chemotherapy) to 4.7 (post-chemotherapy) in group I, especially in those receiving megestrol acetate. In both groups Karnofsky Performance Status didn't change significantly reflecting the impact of the disease itself and chemotherapy procedures to the patient's condition. Nutritional counseling, supplemental feeding and pharmacological support do temporarily stop weight loss and improve appetite, social life and quality of life in those groups of patients. However, this improvement have no implications on patients KPS and course of their disease.
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