Purpose
To explore the association of clinicopathologic and molecular factors with the occurrence of positive margins after first surgery in breast cancer.
Methods
The clinical and RNA-Seq data for ...951 (75 positive and 876 negative margins) primary breast cancer patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used. The role of each clinicopathologic factor for margin prediction and also their impact on survival were evaluated using logistic regression, Fisher’s exact test, and Cox proportional hazards regression models. In addition, differential expression analysis on a matched dataset (71 positive and 71 negative margins) was performed using Deseq2 and LASSO regression.
Results
Association studies showed that higher stage, larger tumor size (T), positive lymph nodes (N), and presence of distant metastasis (M) significantly contributed (
p
≤ 0.05) to positive surgical margins. In case of surgery, lumpectomy was significantly associated with positive margin compared to mastectomy. Moreover, PAM50 Luminal A subtype had higher chance of positive margin resection compared to Basal-like subtype. Survival models demonstrated that positive margin status along with higher stage, higher TNM, and negative hormone receptor status was significant for disease progression. We also found that margin status might be a surrogate of tumor stage. In addition, 29 genes that could be potential positive margin predictors and 8 pathways were identified from molecular data analysis.
Conclusion
The occurrence of positive margins after surgery was associated with various clinical factors, similar to the findings reported in earlier studies. In addition, we found that the PAM50 intrinsic subtype Luminal A has more chance of obtaining positive margins compared to Basal type. As the first effort to pursue molecular understanding of the margin status, a gene panel of 29 genes including 17 protein-coding genes was also identified for potential prediction of the margin status which needs to be validated using a larger sample set.
The PAM50 classifier is widely used for breast tumor intrinsic subtyping based on gene expression. Clinical subtyping, however, is based on immunohistochemistry assays of 3-4 biomarkers. Subtype ...calls by these two methods do not completely match even on comparable subtypes. Nevertheless, the estrogen receptor (ER)-balanced subset for gene-centering in PAM50 subtyping, is selected based on clinical ER status. Here we present a new method called Principle Component Analysis-based iterative PAM50 subtyping (PCA-PAM50) to perform intrinsic subtyping in ER status unbalanced cohorts. This method leverages PCA and iterative PAM50 calls to derive the gene expression-based ER status and a subsequent ER-balanced subset for gene centering. Applying PCA-PAM50 to three different breast cancer study cohorts, we observed improved consistency (by 6-9.3%) between intrinsic and clinical subtyping for all three cohorts. Particularly, a more aggressive subset of luminal A (LA) tumors as evidenced by higher MKI67 gene expression and worse patient survival outcomes, were reclassified as luminal B (LB) increasing the LB subtype consistency with IHC by 25-49%. In conclusion, we show that PCA-PAM50 enhances the consistency of breast cancer intrinsic and clinical subtyping by reclassifying an aggressive subset of LA tumors into LB. PCA-PAM50 code is available at ftp://ftp.wriwindber.org/ .
Global outlook of biofuels turns out to be a full-fledged search focusing the viability and sustainability assets. The present day option for immediate and sustainable alternate fuels lies with algal ...biofuels. Algae are the most sustainable fuel resource in terms of food security and environmental issues. Inefficient and unsustainable biofuel derived from food crops twosome food security issues thus increasing interests towards algal energy. CO2 mitigation, quick biomass accumulation accomplishing simultaneous bioremediation have gathered progressive attention. Cultivation of biomass, harvesting, processing and fuel production by chemical/biochemical reactions are the sequential stages in algal biofuel production. Currently, biofuels produced from algal biomass is not economical since biomass cultivation, processing and separation of fuel products appears costly although certain advancements in culturing techniques have been recently unearthed. Further improvements with the biomass processing strategies may step up the third-generation biofuel concept a profitable one in the near future. This article reviews various cultivation methods, processing techniques and stages in algal biofuel production thereby extensively investigating their potential application in biofuel refineries.
•Sustainable production methods for hydrogen and ammonia were reviewed.•Hydrogen storage need massive development before its commercialization.•Gaseous fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia on ...compression ignition engines has been examined.•Hydrogen and ammonia enhance both engine performance and combustion characteristics.•Significant raise in the NOx reported due to cylinder temperatures.
Renewable energy resources have been recognized as one of the promising sources of energy to meet the current energy demand without affecting the environment. Hydrogen and ammonia fuels are being explored as sustainable energy sources to replace fossil fuels. Green fuels have gained profound attention due to their environmentally friendly nature and human health concerns. Although these fuels are sustainable on a laboratory scale, implementing them on a commercial scale is still in the early stages of development. Numerous studies have reported the effectiveness of hydrogen and ammonia in diesel engines as efficient energy carriers. However, although previous research shed light on these fuels, their economic viability is still a concern. This review provides an in-depth analysis of hydrogen and ammonia production methods. Additionally, the effect of blends on diesel engines was determined by comparing the obtained data through performance, combustion, and emission characteristics. Parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature, heat release rate, in-cylinder pressure, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter were observed. The effects of noise and vibration resulting from the addition of hydrogen, ammonia, and biodiesel blends were also discussed in detail. Increasing the concentration of hydrogen and ammonia increases the formation of pollutants and reduces brake thermal efficiency. On the other hand, increasing the concentration of biodiesel decreases pollutants such as CO, HC, and CO2, but there is an increase in NOx. Based on the findings, it is evident that hydrogen and ammonia can be effective sources of energy to replace fossil fuels, and their production methods and usage need to be further optimized to achieve economic and societal benefits.
Dual‐atom‐site catalysts (DACs) have emerged as a new frontier in heterogeneous catalysis because the synergistic effect between adjacent metal atoms can promote their catalytic activity while ...maintaining the advantages of single‐atom‐site catalysts, such as almost 100 % atomic efficiency and excellent hydrocarbon selectivity. In this study, cobalt‐based atom site catalysts with a Co2–N coordination structure were synthesized and used for photodriven CO2 reduction. The resulting CoDAC containing 3.5 % Co atoms demonstrated a superior atom ratio for CO2 reduction catalytic performance, with 65.0 % CH4 selectivity, which far exceeds that of cobalt‐based single‐atom‐site catalysts (CoSACs). The intrinsic reason for the superior activity of CoDACs is the excellent adsorption strength of CO2 and CO* intermediates at dimeric Co active sites.
Co dual‐atom catalysts were used for CO2 reduction with superior CH4 selectivity. The charge at the inserted Co2 active sites in tri‐3s‐triazine was enriched as compared to that at Co single sites, thus promoting a lower activation energy barrier by stabilizing the rate‐limiting COOH* and CHO* intermediates.
The ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is a widely distributed antioxidant enzyme. It differs from catalase and other peroxidases in that it scavenges/reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen ...peroxide (H
O
) to water using reduced ascorbate as the electron donor. It is advantageous over other similar antioxidant enzymes in scavenging ROS since ascorbate may react with superoxide, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radical, in addition to reacting with H
O
. The estimation of its activity is helpful to analyze the level of oxidative stress in living systems under stressful conditions. The present protocol was performed to analyze the impact of heavy metal chromium (Cr) toxicity on sorghum plants in the form of APX enzyme activity under the application of glycine betaine (GB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as stress ameliorators. Plant defense strategies against heavy metals toxicity involve the utilization of APX and the instigation of AMF symbiotic system, as well as their possible collaboration with one another or with the plant antioxidant system; this has been examined and discussed in literature. In this protocol, an increased APX activity was observed on underlying functions and detoxification capabilities of GB and AMF that are typically used by plants to enhance tolerance to Cr toxicity. Graphical abstract:
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With weight reduction and component reliability being the top priority while designing automobile components, the selection and use of materials of a high strength-to-weight ratio is of vital ...importance. Less weight ensures low fuel consumption and hence low emissions thus having a great impact on the environment on a large scale. Brake rotors are one of the most important components in an automobile, which aid in stopping the vehicle by converting the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle into heat energy by means of friction. This study focuses on the use of abrasive particle (SiC)-reinforced aluminum metal matrix composite material for brake rotors which is expected to generate less heat during braking (due to friction) and also reduces the unsprung mass of the vehicle resulting in better handling. This paper discusses the design, structural, and thermal analysis; the manufacturing method; and the testing of silicon carbide-reinforced aluminum (Al 6061) matrix composite material for motorcycle brake rotor.
•Peltier module powered by solar PV is used for increasing the freshwater yield.•Peltier is used for heating the basin water and cooling the still’s glass cover.•The freshwater productivity is ...increased about 3 times the passive still.•The efficiency of PV system is increased upto 38% than the actual PV system.
The demand for water and electricity is gradually increasing throughout the years due to the modern lifestyle of humans to complete their daily activities. To make sustainable water and to produce electricity, the proposed experiment was done. In this, hybrid PV/T active solar still was designed and fabricated in which a solar PV powered Peltier system was incorporated. The Peltier used in this still helps in the enhancement of the distilled water production during both evaporation and condensation processes. Various investigations were made on the proposed active hybrid PV/T system to claim this as the best and it was succeeded. Finally, the proposed active hybrid solar PV/T still produces about 30% higher efficiency than the conventional passive still and also resulted in 38% improved efficiency than the actual solar PV system.
The main purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of oxy hydrogen (HHO) along with the Moringa oleifera biodiesel blend on engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics. HHO ...gases were generated using the typical electrolysis process using the potassium hydroxide solution. The experiments were performed under various engine loads of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% in a constant speed engine. Biodiesel from the M. oleifera was prepared by the transesterification process. Further, the procured biodiesel blends mixed with neat diesel at the concentration of 20% (B20) and 40% (B40). In addition to above, the HHO gas flow rate to the engine chamber maintained at the flow rate of 0.5 L-1. The use of the 20% and 40% blends with HHO reported less BTE compared to the neat diesel. However, B20 reported marginal rise in the BTE due to the addition of the HHO gas. On the other hand, addition of HHO gas to the blends significantly dropped the brake specific fuel consumption. With regard to the emissions, addition of the biodiesel blends reduced the concentration of the CO, HC, and CO2. Nevertheless, no reduction reported in the formation of the NO. However, adding the HHO to the biodiesel reduced the average NOx by 6%, which is a substantial effect. Overall, HHO enriching biodiesel blends are the potential replacement for the existing fossil fuels for its superior fuel properties compared to the conventional diesel.
•Moringa oleifera blends were tested in the CI engine at 20% and 40%.•Biodiesel blends tested with presence of the oxyhydrogen.•HHO enriched fuel reported reduced BSFC than convention blends.•NOx significantly reduced at low biodiesel blends concentration enriched with HHO.
•As an alternative to dairy systems, a novel trigeneration system was devised.•The system operated by solar and biomass in Indian climate conditions.•Maximum electricity and H2 production rates were ...220 kW and 1.9 kg/h.•Highest energy, exergy, and economic efficiency were 19%, 11%, and 34%•CO2 emissions diminished by 43 kg/h to 364 kg/h.
The research aims to transform non-environmentally friendly cities with high-energy-demand dairy plants into sustainable dairy operations in selected cities with diverse climate. A novel trigeneration system was designed as an alternative to electricity-based cooling systems in dairy plants. This system provides simultaneous cooling, power generation, and green hydrogen production, with a specific focus on dairy applications. It offers cooling for various dairy products, electricity for machinery and equipment operation, and clean hydrogen fuel for transportation vehicles. The system harnesses solar power during the daytime and utilizes abundant cotton waste biomass during the night, creating a dynamic energy solution for the selected cities. Among the locations studied, the cold region city of Sundernagar exhibited the highest electricity and hydrogen production rates at 220 kW and 1.9 kg/h, respectively, although with a lower energy efficiency of 13.6% and a relatively higher investment cost. In contrast, the composite climate city of Indore is promised to achieve consistent year-round trigeneration production with a maximum energy efficiency of 19% and the least cost of investment and operation. The selected cities showcased impressive sustainability Index levels ranging from a high of 1.05 to 1.13 and remarkable decreases in CO2 emissions, ranging from 364 kg/h to 43 kg/h, respectively.
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