Arising from: G. Yancheva et al. Nature 445, 74-77 (2007); Yancheva et al. replyOn the basis of the anti-correlation of their palaeoclimatic proxy for the strength of the East Asian winter monsoon ...from Lake Huguang Maar, China, with stalagmite records of the strength of the summer monsoon, Yancheva et al. claim that the strengths of the summer and winter monsoons are anti-correlated on a decadal timescale. They argue that the summer rainfall deficit during ad 700-900 that they infer from their evidence of a stronger winter monsoon, in conjunction with a Tanros battle, led to the collapse of the Tang dynasty (ad 618-907). Using historical climate records, we show here that most cold winters during ad 700-900 were associated with relatively wet summers, indicating that the strengths of the winter and summer monsoons were not negatively correlated during this period.
The vertical structure of the atmospheric ozone and temperature as well as the seasonal variations is presented by using ozone sounding data at Zhongshan Station over East Antarctica from February, ...2008 to February, 2009. The results show that the heights of thermal tropopause and ozone tropopause are mostly the same with yearly mean 7.9 and 7.4 km separately above the station. There is obvious seasonal variation in the pressure and temperature of the tropopause, manifested by the clear one-wave pattern with an opposite phase. As the turning point of the tropopause temperature is visible in autumn and faint in spring and winter, the tropopause height can be better confirmed by utilization of the changes of ozone. Seasonal variation of the tropospheric ozone of vertical distribution is not clear, relative to stratosphere. In the spring, ozone in the low level of stratosphere lost seriously. The minimum partial ozone in 14 km was 1.57 MPa only and the maximum partial ozone occurred in the up level stratosphere. In the rest of the season the ozone increases with height rising in the low level of stratosphere. The evidence shows that ozone lost in spring is closely related with low temperature of polar night and the process of PSC photochemical destruction ozone in the stratosphere. From the vertical characteristics and seasonal variation of ozone and temperature, it is meaningful to understand formation and development of Antarctic ozone deletion.
The identification of markers for disease diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive purposes will have a great effect in improving patient management. Proteomic‑based approaches for biomarker discovery ...are promising strategies used in cancer research. In this study, we performed quantitative proteomic analysis on four patients including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and paired adjacent non‑cancerous renal tissues using label‑free quantitative proteomics and liquid chromatography‑tandem mass spectrometry (LC‑MS/MS) to identify differentially expressed proteins. Among 3,061 identified non‑redundant proteins, we found that 210 proteins were differentially expressed (83 overexpressed and 127 underexpressed) in ccRCC tissue when compared with normal kidney tissues. Two most significantly dysregulated proteins (PCK1 and SNRPF) were chosen to be confirmed by western blotting. Pathway analysis of 210 differentially expressed proteins showed that dysregulated proteins are related to many cancer‑related biological processes such as oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis and amino acid synthetic pathways. Online survival analysis indicated the prognostic value of these dysregulated proteins. In conclusion, we identified some potential diagnostic biomarkers for ccRCC and an in‑depth understanding of their involved biological pathways may help pave the way to discover new therapeutic strategies for ccRCC.
Turbulent flux measurements at Qamdo site over the Tibetan Plateau during TIPEX from May 18 to June 30, 1998 are presented. Sensible heat dominated,accounting for about 66% of the available energy ...(the sum of net radiation and soil heat flux) prior to the monsoon(dry period), reducing to about 31%, with latent heat increased to about 56% of available energy,in the monsoon season (wet period). Surface energy budget closure on average was about 0.80 (0.85)prior to the monsoon and 0.89 (0.76) during the monsoon using eddy correlation (profile) methods. The sum of latent and sensible heat fluxes calculated from the flux-profilemethod was smaller by about 15% than that from eddy correlation. Martano's method is used toestimate the surface aerodynamic roughness length z^sub 0^ and zero plane displacement d from singlelevel sonic anemometer data, giving d = 0.12 m and z^sub 0^ = 0.08 m. The overall neutral dragcoefficient (C^sub DN^) and scalar coefficient (C^sub HN^) were found to be C^sub DN^ = 0.0055and C^sub HN^ = 0.0059 in the southeastern area of Tibet. Their variations with the mean wind speed at 10 m are discussed.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Oxygen stable isotopic and ionic records, covering a period of 1745–1996, are recovered in DT001 ice core drilled in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica. Using empirical orthogonal function ...(EOF) analysis of the annually resolved glaciochemical time series, we find the first EOF (EOF1) represents sea-salt aerosols and is the proxy of sea level pressure (SLP) over a quasi-stationary low in the Southern Indian Ocean (SIO). δ18O represents the sea surface temperature (SST) of the same ocean area. In the past two decades, four climatic waves as represented by SLP and SST proxies are found in the DT001 ice core, which in coincident with four Antarctic Circum-polar Waves (ACW) as revealed by NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. The phase difference between SST and SLP in the ice core is also coincident with that in ACW. Both ice-core record and reanalysis suggest that there were no signals of ACW during 1958–1980, none during the overall recording period between 1745–1996, as there is no regular phase difference between SST and SLP. The ACW signal after early 1980s is probably attributable to the climate shift occurring over Antarctic Peninsula-Drake Passage region.
The seven thematic areas are as follows: 1) mechanisms of boundary layer turbulence and wind energy utilization; 2) atmospheric boundary layers (ABLs) on the Tibetan Plateau; 3) ABLs over complex ...terrain; 4) ABLs over water, snow, and ice; 5) roles of boundary layer meteorology in atmospheric data assimilation and regional models; 6) ABLs over urban areas; and 7) chemical processes in the boundary layer. The synthesis emerging from the symposium should help channel resources to a select number of topics, yielding deep insights and potentially path-breaking results. Since future proposers and reviewers were among the participants, consensus on priorities increases the likelihood that an innovative proposal that deals with one of these priority areas will receive strong peer endorsement.
Surface ozone concentration and UV-B data between 75° N and 70° S were obtained aboard the Chinese polar scientific vessel “Xue -long” (Snow-Dragon) during the first voyage to the Arctic and the 16th ...to the Antarctic in 1999–2000. Analysis of these data presents that variations of the surface ozone concentration have small amplitude during voyages except the mid-latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. As a whole, average surface ozone concentration in the Northern Hemisphere is higher than that in the Southern, and high value occurred when the ship sailed close to the continents. The average diurnal variations of the surface ozone in the Northern Hemisphere are also higher compared to the southern counterparts, and high diurnal variations were found at low latitudes, and relative low level in the polar region.
Based on previous research on sensible heat flux, we investigate it from different aspects using GAME/Tibet data measured during 6 June-13 September, 1998. This work consists of the derivation of the ...surface heat flux equation, analysis on counter-gradient heat transference, comparison between two different methods to compute the sensible heat flux, and investigation on the calculation scheme of sensible heat flux in the Simple Biosphere model 2 (SiB2) with relevant simulation. By improving two previous formulations, an integrated formulation for calculating surface heat flux is given. Secondly, using the measured data, the counter-gradient heat flux is clarified, leading to the fact that buoyancy plays an important role in the sensible heat transfer process. It is concluded that (1) energy imbalance is a common phenomenon resulting from the use of the traditional closure scheme on the heterogeneous underlying surface because the measured ensemble heat fluxes by eddy correlation contain the effect of nonlocal parcel movements; and (2) nonlocal parcel movement deserves more attention in any future heat flux study.
Based on the ultrasonic anemometer/thermometer data in the East Antarctic coastal area ice sheets ob-tained first by Chinese scientists, turbulent intensity, kinetic energy and sensible heat of ...turbulence, surface roughness height drag coefficient and normalized variation were calculated and analysed using the eddy-correlation method. The results show that the values of roughness height and drag coefficient are 4.3 X 10 m and 1.8x 10 -3, respectively. These turbulent parameters have apparent diurnal variations.
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