This paper introduces a computational framework designed to delineate gender distribution biases in topics covered by French TV and radio news. We transcribe a dataset of 11.7k hours, broadcasted in ...2023 on 21 French channels. A Large Language Model (LLM) is used in few-shot conversation mode to obtain a topic classification on those transcriptions. Using the generated LLM annotations, we explore the finetuning of a specialized smaller classification model, to reduce the computational cost. To evaluate the performances of these models, we construct and annotate a dataset of 804 dialogues. This dataset is made available free of charge for research purposes. We show that women are notably underrepresented in subjects such as sports, politics and conflicts. Conversely, on topics such as weather, commercials and health, women have more speaking time than their overall average across all subjects. We also observe representations differences between private and public service channels.
Situé au carrefour du réel et de l'imaginaire, l'Autre constitue l'une des créatures intermédiaires les plus attrayantes pour le spectacle. Qu'il provienne des terres lointaines, des marges, des ...zones obscures de l'imagination ou de l'intimité, il structure les mythes fondateurs des sociétés et traverse leurs systèmes de représentation. De la Révolution française à la Première Guerre mondiale, de nouveaux dispositifs de construction de l'altérité se mettent en place, qui tout à la fois isolent, réprouvent, célèbrent et dénient l'altérité. Voici l'Autre en spectacle – dans les foires, les cirques, le vaudeville, le drame, le ballet, l'opéra, les Expositions universelles, le cabaret, le cinéma. Mais qui est-il ? Qui le regarde ? À quelles projections de soi face à l'Autre le spectateur est-il convié et à travers quels jeux d'illusions ? L'ouvrage interroge le sauvage et ses avatars, l'étranger, l'autre qui-nous-ressemble un peu, presque, tout à fait, et étudie les matériaux, transferts et médiations de ces figures d'altérité, dont beaucoup sont encore opératoires aujourd'hui.
Deviation from normal adolescent brain development precedes manifestations of many major psychiatric symptoms. Such altered developmental trajectories in adolescents may be linked to genetic risk for ...psychopathology.
To identify genetic variants associated with adolescent brain structure and explore psychopathologic relevance of such associations.
Voxelwise genome-wide association study in a cohort of healthy adolescents aged 14 years and validation of the findings using 4 independent samples across the life span with allele-specific expression analysis of top hits. Group comparison of the identified gene-brain association among patients with schizophrenia, unaffected siblings, and healthy control individuals. This was a population-based, multicenter study combined with a clinical sample that included participants from the IMAGEN cohort, Saguenay Youth Study, Three-City Study, and Lieber Institute for Brain Development sample cohorts and UK biobank who were assessed for both brain imaging and genetic sequencing. Clinical samples included patients with schizophrenia and unaffected siblings of patients from the Lieber Institute for Brain Development study. Data were analyzed between October 2015 and April 2018.
Gray matter volume was assessed by neuroimaging and genetic variants were genotyped by Illumina BeadChip.
The discovery sample included 1721 adolescents (873 girls 50.7%), with a mean (SD) age of 14.44 (0.41) years. The replication samples consisted of 8690 healthy adults (4497 women 51.8%) from 4 independent studies across the life span. A nonsynonymous genetic variant (minor T allele of rs13107325 in SLC39A8, a gene implicated in schizophrenia) was associated with greater gray matter volume of the putamen (variance explained of 4.21% in the left hemisphere; 8.66; 95% CI, 6.59-10.81; P = 5.35 × 10-18; and 4.44% in the right hemisphere; t = 8.90; 95% CI, 6.75-11.19; P = 6.80 × 10-19) and also with a lower gene expression of SLC39A8 specifically in the putamen (t127 = -3.87; P = 1.70 × 10-4). The identified association was validated in samples across the life span but was significantly weakened in both patients with schizophrenia (z = -3.05; P = .002; n = 157) and unaffected siblings (z = -2.08; P = .04; n = 149).
Our results show that a missense mutation in gene SLC39A8 is associated with larger gray matter volume in the putamen and that this association is significantly weakened in schizophrenia. These results may suggest a role for aberrant ion transport in the etiology of psychosis and provide a target for preemptive developmental interventions aimed at restoring the functional effect of this mutation.
The presence of polyoxymethylene (POM) in cometary grains has been debated years ago. Although never proven, its presence can not be excluded. Rosetta, the ESA mission to comet ...67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, may answer this question. On board the spacecraft, COSIMA (COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer) will analyze the grains ejected from the nucleus using a Time Of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (TOF-SIMS). In this paper we report the extent to which COSIMA will be able to detect POM if this compound is present on cometary grains. We have analyzed two kinds of POM polymers with a laboratory model of COSIMA. Positive mass spectra display alternating sequence of peaks with a separation of 30.011Da between 1 and 600Da related to formaldehyde and its oligomers but also to the fragmentation of these oligomers. The separation of 30.011Da of numbers peaks, corresponding to the fragmentation into H2CO is characteristic of POM and we show that it could be highlight by mathematical treatment. POM lifetime on COSIMA targets have also been studied as POM is thermally instable. It can be concluded that the cometary grains analysis have to be planned not too long after their collection in order to maximize the chances to detect POM. This work was supported by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES).
► We report the extent to which COSIMA will be able to detect POM in cometary grains. ► POM lifetime on COSIMA targets have also been studied as POM is thermally instable. ► POM can be detected in the positive mode of the instrument. ► Mathematical treatment of the data will be useful to highlight POM in mass spectra. ► Cometary grains have to be analyzed within a fortnight after their collection.
On the orbiter of the Rosetta spacecraft, the Cometary Secondary Ion Mass Analyser (COSIMA) will provide new in situ insights about the chemical composition of cometary grains all along ...67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P/CG) journey until the end of December 2015 nominally. The aim of this paper is to present the pre-calibration which has already been performed as well as the different methods which have been developed in order to facilitate the interpretation of the COSIMA mass spectra and more especially of their organic content. The first step was to establish a mass spectra library in positive and negative ion mode of targeted molecules and to determine the specific features of each compound and chemical family analyzed. As the exact nature of the refractory cometary organic matter is nowadays unknown, this library is obviously not exhaustive. Therefore this library has also been the starting point for the research of indicators, which enable to highlight the presence of compounds containing specific atom or structure. These indicators correspond to the intensity ratio of specific peaks in the mass spectrum. They have allowed us to identify sample containing nitrogen atom, aliphatic chains or those containing polyaromatic hydrocarbons. From these indicators, a preliminary calibration line, from which the N/C ratio could be derived, has also been established. The research of specific mass difference could also be helpful to identify peaks related to quasi-molecular ions in an unknown mass spectrum. The Bayesian Positive Source Separation (BPSS) technique will also be very helpful for data analysis. This work is the starting point for the analysis of the cometary refractory organic matter. Nevertheless, calibration work will continue in order to reach the best possible interpretation of the COSIMA observations.
The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) Ocean State Report (OSR) provides an annual report of the state of the global ocean and European regional seas for policy and ...decision-makers with the additional aim of increasing general public awareness about the status of, and changes in, the marine environment. The CMEMS OSR draws on expert analysis and provides a 3-D view (through reanalysis systems), a view from above (through remote-sensing data) and a direct view of the interior (through in situ measurements) of the global ocean and the European regional seas. The report is based on the unique CMEMS monitoring capabilities of the blue (hydrography, currents), white (sea ice) and green (e.g. Chlorophyll) marine environment. This first issue of the CMEMS OSR provides guidance on Essential Variables, large-scale changes and specific events related to the physical ocean state over the period 1993-2015. Principal findings of this first CMEMS OSR show a significant increase in global and regional sea levels, thermosteric expansion, ocean heat content, sea surface temperature and Antarctic sea ice extent and conversely a decrease in Arctic sea ice extent during the 1993-2015 period. During the year 2015 exceptionally strong large-scale changes were monitored such as, for example, a strong El Niño Southern Oscillation, a high frequency of extreme storms and sea level events in specific regions in addition to areas of high sea level and harmful algae blooms. At the same time, some areas in the Arctic Ocean experienced exceptionally low sea ice extent and temperatures below average were observed in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Mettre à jour les recommandations pour la pratique clinique du CNGOF de 2010 pour la prise en charge de première intention du couple infertile.
Cinq grandes thématiques (bilan de première intention ...de la femme infertile, bilan de première intention de l’homme infertile, prévention des expositions aux facteurs environnementaux, prise en charge initiale par inducteurs de l’ovulation, chirurgie de la reproduction de première intention) ont été identifiées permettant la formulation de 28 questions selon le format Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO). Chaque question a été traitée par un groupe de travail ayant réalisé une analyse systématique de la littérature depuis 2010 et ayant suivi la méthodologie Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE®) pour évaluer la qualité des données scientifiques sur lesquelles ont été émises les recommandations. Ces recommandations ont ensuite été validées au cours d’une relecture nationale par 40 experts nationaux.
Le bilan d’infertilité est recommandé d’être prescrit en fonction de l’âge de la femme : au bout d’un an d’infertilité avant 35 ans et au bout de 6 mois après 35 ans. Le bilan d’infertilité initial d’un couple comporte chez la femme, une seule échographie 3D avec compte des follicules antraux, une évaluation de la perméabilité tubaire par hystérographie ou HyFOSy, un dosage hormonal de l’AMH avant assistance médicale à la procréation et un prélèvement vaginal pour recherche d’une vaginose. Si l’échographie 3D est normale, l’hystérosonographie et l’hystéroscopie diagnostique ne sont pas recommandées en première intention. La sérologie Chlamydiae trachomatis n’a pas les performances nécessaires pour prédire la perméabilité des trompes. Le test post-coïtal n’est plus recommandé. Chez l’homme, spermogramme, spermocytogramme et spermoculture sont recommandés en première intention. Si le spermogramme est normal, il n’est pas recommandé de contrôler le spermogramme. En cas d’anomalies du spermogramme, un examen avec un andrologue, une échographie des testicules et un bilan hormonal sont recommandés. Les données de la littérature n’ont pas permis de recommander un seuil d’IMC chez la femme qui contre-indiquerait une prise en charge médicale de l’infertilité. Une alimentation équilibrée de type méditerranéen, une activité physique, l’arrêt du tabac et du cannabis sont recommandés chez le couple infertile. Concernant la consommation d’alcool, il est recommandé, pour la fertilité, de limiter la consommation à moins de 5 verres par semaine. Si le bilan d’infertilité ne retrouve pas d’anomalie, l’induction de l’ovulation n’est pas recommandée chez les femmes normo-ovulantes. Si une insémination intra-utérine est indiquée devant un bilan d’infertilité sans anomalie, il est recommandé de stimuler par gonadotrophines et de monitorer l’ovulation pour éviter les grossesses multiples. Si le bilan d’infertilité ne retrouve pas d’anomalie, une cœlioscopie est probablement recommandée avant 30 ans pour augmenter les taux de grossesse. En cas d’hydrosalpinx, la prise en charge chirurgicale est recommandée avant AMP, avec soit une salpingotomie soit une salpingectomie en fonction du score tubaire. Il est recommandé d’opérer les polypes>10mm, les myomes 0, 1, 2 et les synéchies avant AMP. Les données de la littérature ne permettent pas de recommander systématiquement en première intention un traitement chirurgical des cloisons utérines et des isthmocèles asymptomatiques.
À partir d’un accord fort entre experts, nous avons pu formuler des mises à jour des recommandations dans 28 thématiques sur la prise en charge initiale des couples infertiles.
To update the 2010 CNGOF clinical practice guidelines for the first-line management of infertile couples.
Five major themes (first-line assessment of the infertile woman, first-line assessment of the infertile man, prevention of exposure to environmental factors, initial management using ovulation induction regimens, first-line reproductive surgery) were identified, enabling 28 questions to be formulated using the Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) format. Each question was addressed by a working group that had carried out a systematic review of the literature since 2010, and followed the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE®) methodology to assess the quality of the scientific data on which the recommendations were based. These recommendations were then validated during a national review by 40 national experts.
The fertility work-up is recommended to be prescribed according to the woman's age: after one year of infertility before the age of 35 and after 6months after the age of 35. A couple's initial infertility work-up includes a single 3D ultrasound scan with antral follicle count, assessment of tubal permeability by hysterography or HyFOSy, anti-Mullerian hormone assay prior to assisted reproduction, and vaginal swabbing for vaginosis. If the 3D ultrasound is normal, hysterosonography and diagnostic hysteroscopy are not recommended as first-line procedures. Chlamydia trachomatis serology does not have the necessary performance to predict tubal patency. Post-coital testing is no longer recommended. In men, spermogram, spermocytogram and spermoculture are recommended as first-line tests. If the spermogram is normal, it is not recommended to check the spermogram. If the spermogram is abnormal, an examination by an andrologist, an ultrasound scan of the testicles and hormonal test are recommended. Based on the data in the literature, we are unable to recommend a BMI threshold for women that would contraindicate medical management of infertility. A well-balanced Mediterranean-style diet, physical activity and the cessation of smoking and cannabis are recommended for infertile couples. For fertility concern, it is recommended to limit alcohol consumption to less than 5 glasses a week. If the infertility work-up reveals no abnormalities, ovulation induction is not recommended for normo-ovulatory women. If intrauterine insemination is indicated based on an abnormal infertility work-up, gonadotropin stimulation and ovulation monitoring are recommended to avoid multiple pregnancies. If the infertility work-up reveals no abnormality, laparoscopy is probably recommended before the age of 30 to increase natural pregnancy rates. In the case of hydrosalpinx, surgical management is recommended prior to ART, with either salpingotomy or salpingectomy depending on the tubal score. It is recommended to operate on polyps>10mm, myomas 0, 1, 2 and synechiae prior to ART. The data in the literature do not allow us to systematically recommend asymptomatic uterine septa and isthmoceles as first-line surgery.
Based on strong agreement between experts, we have been able to formulate updated recommendations in 28 areas concerning the initial management of infertile couples.
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