The hippocampus is the brain's center for episodic memories. Its subregions, the dentate gyrus and CA1-3, are differentially involved in memory encoding and recall. Hippocampal principal cells ...represent episodic features like movement, space, and context, but less is known about GABAergic interneurons. Here, we performed two-photon calcium imaging of parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing interneurons in the dentate gyrus and CA1-3 of male mice exploring virtual environments. Parvalbumin-interneurons increased activity with running-speed and reduced it in novel environments. Somatostatin-interneurons in CA1-3 behaved similar to parvalbumin-expressing cells, but their dentate gyrus counterparts increased activity during rest and in novel environments. Congruently, chemogenetic silencing of dentate parvalbumin-interneurons had prominent effects in familiar contexts, while silencing somatostatin-expressing cells increased similarity of granule cell representations between novel and familiar environments. Our data indicate unique roles for parvalbumin- and somatostatin-positive interneurons in the dentate gyrus that are distinct from those in CA1-3 and may support routing of novel information.
Recent years have witnessed a boom of machine learning (ML) applications in chemistry, which reveals the potential of data‐driven prediction of synthesis performance. Digitalization and ML modelling ...are the key strategies to fully exploit the unique potential within the synergistic interplay between experimental data and the robust prediction of performance and selectivity. A series of exciting studies have demonstrated the importance of chemical knowledge implementation in ML, which improves the model's capability for making predictions that are challenging and often go beyond the abilities of human beings. This Minireview summarizes the cutting‐edge embedding techniques and model designs in synthetic performance prediction, elaborating how chemical knowledge can be incorporated into machine learning until June 2022. By merging organic synthesis tactics and chemical informatics, we hope this Review can provide a guide map and intrigue chemists to revisit the digitalization and computerization of organic chemistry principles.
Predicting organic transformations is one of the most critical challenges in molecular syntheses. The synergy between machine learning and chemical knowledge provides a distinctive and powerful strategy for syntheses predictions. This Minireview summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art embedding approaches and model designs for developing synthesis‐sensitive machine learning models to allow for robust yield and selectivity predictions in molecular syntheses.
The fabrication of high‐resolution patterns on flexible substrates is an essential step in the development of flexible electronics. However, the patterning process on flexible substrates often ...requires expensive equipment and tedious lithographic processing. Here, a bottom‐up patterning technique, termed electrochemical replication and transfer (ERT) is reported, which fabricates multiscale patterns of a wide variety of materials by selective electrodeposition of target materials on a predefined template, and subsequent transfer of the electrodeposited materials to a flexible substrate, while leaving the undamaged template for reuse for over 100 times. The additive and parallel patterning attribute of ERT allows the fabrication of multiscale patterns with resolutions spanning from sub‐100 nm to many centimeters simultaneously, which overcomes the trade‐off between resolution and throughput of conventional patterning techniques. ERT is suitable for fabricating a wide variety of materials including metals, semiconductors, metal oxides, and polymers into arbitrary shapes on flexible substrates at a very low cost.
A new additive patterning technique, named electrochemical replication and transfer, is developed to pattern a wide variety of metals, semiconductors, and polymers with resolutions spanning from sub‐100 nm to many centimeters on flexible substrates at low cost and high throughput.
The soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial communities were affected by different fertilizer management. Fertilizer regime were closely relative to the soil texture and nutrient status in ...a double-cropping paddy field of southern China. However, there was limited information about the influence of different manure nitrogen (N) input on soil microbial communities in a double-cropping rice (Oryza sativa L.) field. Therefore, the short-term different manure N input rate management on soil bacterial and fungal diversity in a double-cropping paddy field of southern China were studied by using Illumina sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction technology in the present paper. The filed experiment were including 100% N of chemical fertilizer (M0), 30% N of organic manure and 70% N of chemical fertilizer (M30), 50% N of organic manure and 50% N of chemical fertilizer (M50), 100% N of organic manure (M100), and without N fertilizer input as control (CK). The results showed that diversity indices of soil microbial communities with application of organic manure and chemical N fertilizer treatments were higher than that of CK treatment. Application of organic manure and chemical N fertilizer management increase soil bacterial abundance of the phylum Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria, and soil fungi abundance of the phylum Basidiomycota and Zygomycota were also increased. Compared with CK treatment, the value of Richness, Shannon and McIntosh indices, and taxonomic diversity were increased with M30, M50 and M100 treatments. This finding demonstrated that M30, M50 and M100 treatments modify soil bacterial and fungal diversity. Therefore, the combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer N management could significantly increase the abundance of profitable functional bacteria and fungi species in a double-cropping rice field of southern China.
Accurate risk stratification for contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is important for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary ...intervention (PPCI). We aimed to compare the prognostic value of validated risk scores for CIN. We prospectively enrolled 422 consecutive patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI. Mehran; Gao; Chen; age, serum creatinine (SCr), or glomerular filtration rate, and ejection fraction (ACEF or AGEF); and Global Registry for Acute Coronary Events risk scores were calculated for each patient. The prognostic accuracy of the 6 scores for CIN, and in-hospital and 3-year all-cause mortality and major adverse clinical events (MACEs), was assessed using the c-statistic for discrimination and the Hosmer–Lemeshow test for calibration. CIN was defined as either CIN-narrow (increase in SCr ≥0.5 mg/dl) or CIN broad (≥0.5 mg/dl and/or a ≥25% increase in baseline SCr). All risk scores had relatively high predictive values for CIN-narrow (c-statistic: 0.746 to 0.873) and performed well for prediction of in-hospital death (0.784 to 0.936), MACEs (0.685 to 0.763), and 3-year all-cause mortality (0.655 to 0.871). The ACEF and AGEF risk scores had better discrimination and calibration for CIN-narrow and in-hospital outcomes. However, all risk score exhibited low predictive accuracy for CIN-broad (0.555 to 0.643) and 3-year MACEs (0.541 to 0.619). In conclusion, risk scores for predicting CIN perform well in stratifying the risk of CIN-narrow, in-hospital death or MACEs, and 3-year all-cause mortality in patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI. The ACEF and AGEF risk scores appear to have greater prognostic value.
International Biological Flora: Ginkgo biloba Lin, Han‐Yang; Li, Wen‐Hao; Lin, Chen‐Feng ...
The Journal of ecology,
April 2022, 2022-04-00, 20220401, Volume:
110, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgo, Maidenhair tree) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics. The main topics are ...presented within the standard framework of the International Biological Flora: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, reproductive and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, conservation and global heterogeneity.
Globally, Ginkgo survives a wide range of mean annual temperature (−3.3 to 23.3°C) and annual precipitation (34–3925 mm) conditions, according to a meta‐analysis. It prefers a warm, humid, open‐canopy and a well‐drained environment. The species shows strong tolerance to drought, freezing, fire, air pollution, heavy metals and low‐level salt, whereas it is intolerant to long‐time shade and waterlogging. Six Ginkgo trees even survived the atom bomb in Hiroshima, Japan, during World War II.
Ginkgo is susceptible to few diseases. Those occurring in nursery seedlings and juvenile trees involve stem rot and leaf blight. The former is caused by Macrophomina phaseoli, which could lead to a mortality rate of 5%–12% (up to 31.8%) for seedlings. This disease can be mitigated by a 4‐h shading treatment and applying organic fertilisers. The pathogens inducing leaf blight include Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Pestalotia ginkgo, which may infect 100% juvenile trees in some regions. The application of 45% carbendazim or 50% Tuzet can effectively prevent leaf blight.
Ginkgo biloba is one of the world’s most distinctive trees with an important position in plant evolution and human society. It is a tall deciduous dioecious tree native to China. Refugial populations were identified in three glacial refugia located in eastern, southern and south‐western China, respectively, with a patchy distribution pattern and a small population size. It typically grows along flood‐disturbed streamsides in warm‐temperate deciduous (and evergreen mixed) broadleaved forests. Ginkgo may have been introduced repeatedly out of China since the sixth century. It has been planted as a landscape tree world‐wide, except in Antarctica. Ginkgo is also of great value for edible nuts, herbal medicine, religion and art. It is a natural and cultural symbol of China.
摘要
本文系统总结了活化石树种银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)的生物学和生态学特性。根据本刊“国际生物学植物志”的标准框架，我们从以下十一个方面进行了全面描述:分布、生境、群落、生物响应、环境响应、结构与生理、物候、繁殖和种子特征、植食动物与疾病、进化历史、保护、全球异质性。
银杏具有突出的环境适应性和抗逆性。荟萃分析表明，银杏可适应变异范围极广的年均温(−3.3 至 23.3 °C)和年降水量(34至3925 mm)环境，但喜温暖、湿润、郁闭度低、排水状况良好的生境。银杏对干旱、霜冻、火、大气污染、重金属和低浓度的盐分具较强的耐受性，但不耐受长时间荫蔽和水淹。日本广岛市的六株银杏甚至经历第二次世界大战原子弹轰炸后仍存活至今。
银杏也具很强的抗病性。大树病害极少，在幼苗和幼树中仅发现茎腐病和叶枯病。茎腐病由菜豆壳球孢(Macrophomina phaseoli)引起，幼苗致死率为5%–12%(最高达31.8%)，4小时遮荫处理外加施用有机肥可有效减轻症状。叶枯病的病原菌包括链格孢(Alternaria alternata)、盘长孢状刺盘孢(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)和银杏盘多毛孢(Pestalotia ginkgo)。某些地区幼树的叶枯病发病率可达100%，但喷洒45%多菌灵或50%退菌特可有效预防叶枯病。
作为全世界最独特的树种之一，银杏在植物进化和人类社会中扮演着重要角色。这种高大落叶乔木雌雄异株，原产中国，共有三处冰期避难所，分别位于华东、西南和华南。避难所种群分布零散，且种群大小较小。在暖温带落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林中，常分布于沟谷两侧。自公元六世纪以来，银杏不断被引种至中国之外的世界各地，作为一种景观树种，目前银杏被栽培于除南极洲外的其余六大洲。它还具有很高的食用、药用、宗教和艺术价值。银杏是中国的自然和文化符号之一。
The living fossil Ginkgo biloba is one of the world’s most distinctive trees with an important position in plant evolution and human society. It is a tall deciduous dioecious tree with masses of golden fan‐shaped leaves in autumn. It grows world‐wide except in Antarctica and even survived the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. The extreme longevity of over 1000 years results in part from its prominent tolerance and resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses as well as from outstanding regeneration potential due to sprouts, suckers or air roots. Refugial and natural populations still persist along flood‐disturbed streamsides in subtropical China.
Hydrogen has a very diverse chemistry and reacts with most other elements to form compounds, which have fascinating structures, compositions and properties. Complex metal hydrides are a rapidly ...expanding class of materials, approaching multi-functionality, in particular within the energy storage field. This review illustrates that complex metal hydrides may store hydrogen in the solid state, act as novel battery materials, both as electrolytes and electrode materials, or store solar heat in a more efficient manner as compared to traditional heat storage materials. Furthermore, it is highlighted how complex metal hydrides may act in an integrated setup with a fuel cell. This review focuses on the unique properties of light element complex metal hydrides mainly based on boron, nitrogen and aluminum, e.g., metal borohydrides and metal alanates. Our hope is that this review can provide new inspiration to solve the great challenge of our time: efficient conversion and large-scale storage of renewable energy.
Background
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease associated with metabolic syndrome. It is the most common cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis. The disease is also involved ...in the occurrence and development of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis and can directly affect the outcome of patients with coronary heart disease. Therefore, the focus of treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has also begun to focus on the treatment of risk factors for atherosclerotic heart disease. In this study, we investigated the difference between patients with coronary artery stenosis combined with NAFLD and those without NAFLD and evaluated the predictive factors and value of functional coronary artery ischemia in patients with NAFLD.
Hypothesis
Many clinical factors (such as age, BMI, hyperglycemia) and imaging parameters (such as CACS grade) in the NAFLD group were different from those in the non‐NAFLD group. The predictive model combined with multiple influencing factors has a good value in predicting coronary artery ischemia in patients with NAFLD.
Methods
We collected the clinical and imaging data of patients who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography and coronary artery calcification score (CACS) scans between January and June 2023. A total of 392 patients were included and divided into the NAFLD group and the non‐NAFLD group. Based on CT fractional flow reserve (CT‐FFR), patients with NAFLD were divided into CT‐FFR ≤ 0.08 group and CT‐FFR > 0.08 group.
Results
Significant differences were observed between the non‐NAFLD and NAFLD groups in terms of age, body mass index, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, triglyceride, high‐density lipoprotein, coronary artery disease‐reporting and data system (CAD‐RADS) classification, CACS classification, number of diseased coronary arteries, and CT‐FFR ≤ 0.80 ratio (p < .05). The CAD‐RADS and CACS classifications can independently predict functional coronary artery ischemia in NAFLD patients. The combined use of CAD‐RADS and CACS classifications resulted in an area under the curve of 0.819 (95% confidence interval: 0.761–0.876) for predicting coronary artery ischemia in NAFLD patients, which was higher than the individual classification methods (CAD‐RADS: 0.762, CACS: 0.742) (p = .000).
Conclusions
There are differences between patients with coronary artery stenosis and NAFLD and those without NAFLD. The CAD‐RADS classification and CACS classification can economically and efficiently predict functional coronary artery ischemia in patients with NAFLD, which has crucial value in clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Statistically significant difference factors between patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and those without NAFLD. Body mass index, the proportion of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, UA, and TG of NAFLD patients were higher than those of the NO NAFLD group, while HDLC and Age were lower than that of NO NAFLD patients.
Abstract
Large-scale magnetic field is believed to play a key role in launching and collimating jets/outflows. It was found that advection of the external field by a geometrically thin disk is rather ...inefficient, while the external weak field may be dragged inwards by fast radially moving tenuous and/or hot gas above the thin disk. We investigate the field advection in a thin (cold) accretion disk covered with hot corona, in which turbulence is responsible for the angular momentum transfer of the gas in the disk and corona. The radial velocity of the gas in the corona is significantly higher than that in the thin disk. Our calculations show that the external magnetic flux is efficiently transported inwards by the corona, and the field line is strongly inclined toward the disk surface, which helps to launch outflows. The field configurations are consistent with those observed in the numerical simulations. The strength of the field is substantially enhanced in the inner region of the disk (usually several orders of magnitude higher than the external field strength), which is able to drive a fraction of gas in the corona into outflows. This mechanism may be useful in explaining the observational features in X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei. Our results may help in understanding the physics of the magnetohydrodynamic simulations.
Combining Ising‐type magnetic anisotropy with collinear magnetic interactions in single‐molecule magnets (SMMs) is a significant synthetic challenge. Herein we report a Dy15‐MCCu‐5 (1‐Dy) SMM, where ...a DyIII ion is held in a central pseudo‐D5h pocket of a rigid and planar Cu5 metallacrown (MC). Linking two Dy15‐MCCu‐5 units with a single hydroxide bridge yields the double‐decker {Dy15‐MCCu‐5}2 (2‐Dy) SMM where the anisotropy axes of the two DyIII ions are nearly collinear, resulting in magnetic relaxation times for 2‐Dy that are approximately 200 000 times slower at 2 K than for 1‐Dy in zero external field. Whereas 1‐Dy and the YIII‐diluted Dy@2‐Y analogue do not show remanence in magnetic hysteresis experiments, the hysteresis data for 2‐Dy remain open up to 6 K without a sudden drop at zero field. In conjunction with theoretical calculations, these results demonstrate that the axial ferromagnetic Dy–Dy coupling suppresses fast quantum tunneling of magnetization (QTM). The relaxation profiles of both complexes curiously exhibit three distinct exponential regimes, and hold the largest effective energy barriers for any reported d–f SMMs up to 625 cm−1.
The magnetic hysteresis of a metallacrown magnet opens after introducing axial ferromagnetic by linking two mono‐decker Dy15‐MCCu‐5 units with a single hydroxide bridge to give the double‐decker {Dy15‐MCCu‐5}2 single‐molecule magnet in which the anisotropy axes of the two DyIII ions are nearly collinear and the magnetic relaxation times are approximately 200 000 times slower than for the mono‐decker unit.
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