Under topological guidance, the self‐assembly process based on a tetratopic porphyrin synthon results in a hydrogen‐bonded organic framework (HOF) with the predicted square layers topology (sql) but ...unsatisfied stability. Strikingly, simply introducing a transition metal in the porphyrin center does not change the network topology but drastically causes noticeable change on noncovalent interaction, orbital overlap, and molecular geometry, therefore ultimately giving rise to a series of metalloporphyrinic HOFs with high surface area, and excellent stability (intact after being soaked in boiling water, concentrated HCl, and heated to 270 °C). On integrating both photosensitizers and catalytic sites into robust backbones, this series of HOFs can effectively catalyze the photoreduction of CO2 to CO, and their catalytic performances greatly depend on the chelated metal species in the porphyrin centers. This work enriches the library of stable functional HOFs and expands their applications in photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
Crystallographic and computational studies on a series of porphyrinic hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) reveal that metallization of porphyrin centers greatly alters the orbital overlap of the adjacent porphyrin, the geometry of the molecule/layer, and the strength of noncovalent interactions. Therefore, metalloporphyrin HOFs exhibit much higher stability, surface area, and catalytic activity than metal‐free porphyrinic HOFs.
An outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has been ongoing in China since January 2020. The threat of infection affects the work and life of most of the population and may also damage ...sleep. This study aims to examine the subjective sleep status and mental health of the population during the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic.
The data were collected through an online questionnaire with a sample of 5461 individuals in China from February 5, 2020, to February 23, 2020. Participants were divided into four groups based on their degree of threat from COVID-19: Group 1 was most closely associated with COVID-19, including inpatients diagnosed with COVID-19, first-line hospital workers and first-line management staff; Group 2 included outpatients diagnosed with COVID-19 and patients who developed a fever and visited the hospital; Group 3 included people related to Group 1 or 2, such as their colleagues, relatives, friends and rescuers; and Group 4 was the farthest removed from contact with COVID-19, covering the general public affected by COVID-19 prevention strategies. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and Acute Stress Disorder Scale (ASDS) were used.
Threat degree of COVID-19 (groups) had significant correlations with insomnia, depression, anxiety, and stress (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Age, gender, and area (Hubei province or other provinces) had significant correlations with insomnia (p < 0.01). A total of 1380 (24.46%) participants were suspected of having major depression based on the PHQ-9. Additionally, 1042 (18.47%) participants were suspected of having generalized anxiety disorder based on the GAD-7. A total of 892 (15.8%) of the participants had Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) according to the ASDS. The prevalence of clinical insomnia during the outbreak was 20.05% (1131) according to the ISI. The factors of satisfaction with the current sleep pattern and how perceptible the symptoms of the current sleep pattern are to other people (p < 0.05) and the middle (difficulty staying asleep) and terminal (waking up too early) (p < 0.01) factors of the ISI were significantly different across groups. A total of 1129 (20.01%) participants spent more than one hour awake in bed.
The results indicated that insomnia is more severe in people who are female, young, living in the epicenter and experiencing a high degree of threat from COVID-19. As prevention and treatment efforts continue with regard to COVID-19, the general public has developed poor sleep hygiene habits, which deserve attention.
•It reported the immediate impact of sleep status of a large sample at the peak of the COVID-19 spread in China.•Reports on sleep habits of individuals in China by different degrees of COVID-19 threat.•The threat degree of COVID-19 is associated with the prevalence of anxiety, depression and acute stress disorder.•The general public has developed poor sleep hygiene habits which deserve attention.
Background
Human papillomavirus (HPV)–related disease remains a significant source of morbidity and mortality, and this underscores the need to increase HPV vaccination to reduce the burden of the ...disease. The objective of this study was to examine the association between the number of HPV vaccine doses and the risk of histologically confirmed preinvasive cervical disease and high‐grade cytology.
Methods
This retrospective matched cohort study used administrative data from Optum's Clinformatics DataMart Database to identify females aged 9 to 26 years who received 1 or more quadrivalent HPV vaccine doses between January 2006 and June 2015. Cases and controls were matched on region, age, sexually transmitted disease history, and pregnancy. All had a Papanicolaou test ≥1 year after the date of the matched case's final dose. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between the number of HPV vaccine doses and the incidence of preinvasive cervical disease and high‐grade cytology. The Kaplan‐Meier method was used to estimate the cumulative incidence rate at the 5‐year follow‐up.
Results
The study included 133,082 females (66,541 vaccinated and 66,541 unvaccinated) stratified by the number of HPV vaccine doses and the vaccine initiation age. Among those aged 15 to 19 years, the hazard ratio (HR) for high‐grade cytology for the 3‐dose group was 0.84 (95% confidence interval CI, 0.73‐0.97), whereas the HRs for histologically confirmed preinvasive cervical disease for 1, 2, and 3 doses were 0.64 (95% CI, 0.47‐0.88), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.54‐0.95), and 0.66 (95% CI, 0.55‐0.80), respectively.
Conclusions
The receipt of 1, 2, or 3 doses of an HPV vaccine by females aged 15 to 19 years was associated with a lower incidence of preinvasive cervical disease in comparison with unvaccinated females, and this supports the use of any HPV vaccination in reducing the burden of the disease.
This study examines the association between varying numbers of human papillomavirus vaccine doses and the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II/III and atypical squamous cells (which cannot exclude a high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion)/high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The receipt of 1, 2, or 3 human papillomavirus vaccine doses between the ages of 15 and 19 years is associated with a lower risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II/III.
Background
Despite growing national attention, there is limited understanding of the patient- and treatment-level characteristics related to treatment cost-associated distress (“financial toxicity”) ...in breast cancer patients. Our aim is to identify risk factors for financial toxicity amongst breast cancer patients undergoing surgical treatment.
Methods
This is a single-institution cross-sectional survey of adult female breast cancer patients who underwent lumpectomy or mastectomy between January 2018 and June 2019. Financial toxicity was measured via the 11-item comprehensive score for financial toxicity (COST) instrument. Responses were linked with data on patient demographics and clinical history abstracted from the corresponding medical record. Multivariate regression was used to identify patient- and treatment-level factors associated with worsening financial toxicity. Secondary outcome measures included self-reported coping strategies for high treatment costs.
Results
A total of 571 patients were included; overall, these individuals were mostly white (76.0%), in-state residents (72.3%), and married (73.0%). Following multivariate analysis, lower financial distress was associated with the use of supplemental insurance, increasing annual household income, and a higher credit score (score > 740). Conversely, work reduction or cessation, increased out-of-pocket spending, advanced tumor stage, and being employed at the time of diagnosis were associated with increased financial distress. Patients with higher reported financial distress were more likely to decrease their spending on food, clothing, and leisure activities.
Conclusions
Financial toxicity was associated with baseline demographic, disease, and treatment characteristics in our cohort of insured patients. These characteristics may be critical opportunities for interventions related to financial navigation along the treatment continuum.
Porous materials have been investigated as efficient photochromic platforms for detecting hazardous radiation, while the utilization of hydrogen bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) in this field has ...remained intact. Herein, two HOFs were synthesized through self‐assembly of tetratopic viologen ligand and formic acid (PFC‐25, PFC‐26), as a new class of “all‐organic” radiochromic smart material, opening a gate for HOFs in this field. PFC‐26 is active upon both X‐ray and UV irradiation, while PFC‐25 is only active upon X‐ray irradiation. The same building block yet different radiochromic behaviors of PFC‐25 and PFC‐26 allow us to gain a deep mechanistic understanding of the factors that control the detection specificity. Theoretical and experimental studies reveal that the degree of π‐conjugation of viologen ligand is highly related to the threshold energy of triggering a charge transfer, therefore being a vital factor for the particularity of radiochromic materials. Thanks to its convenient processibility, nanoparticle size, and UV silence, PFC‐25 can be further fabricated into a portable naked‐eye sensor for X‐ray detection, which shows obvious color change with the merits of high transmittance contrast, good sensitivity (reproducible dose threshold of 3.5 Gy), and excellent stability. The work exhibits the promising practical potentials of HOF materials in photochromic technology.
Hydrogen bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) were explored as radiochromic materials responsive to X‐ray irradiation, opening a new avenue for their application. The HOFs reported here have the same building block yet different radiochromic behaviors: one is sensitive to both X‐ray and UV light, while the other one is specifically responsive to X‐ray light. These phenomena provide a precious chance to understand the vital factors that account for the detection specificity of radiochromic materials.
Previous studies have indicated that adiponectin (APN) protects against cardiac remodeling, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate how APN regulates ...inflammatory responses and cardiac fibrosis in response to angiotensin II (Ang II). Male APN knockout (APN KO) mice and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 littermates were sc infused with Ang II at 750 ng/kg per minute. Seven days after Ang II infusion, both APN KO and WT mice developed equally high blood pressure levels. However, APN KO mice developed more severe cardiac fibrosis and inflammation compared with WT mice. This finding was demonstrated by the up-regulation of collagen I, α-smooth muscle actin, IL-1β, and TNF-α and increased macrophage infiltration in APN KO mice. Moreover, there were substantially fewer microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-positive autophagosomes in macrophages in the hearts of Ang II-infused APN KO mice. Additional in vitro studies also revealed that globular APN treatment induced autophagy, inhibited Ang II-induced nuclear factor-κB activity, and enhanced the expression of antiinflammatory cytokines, including IL-10, macrophage galactose N-acetyl-galactosamine specific lectin 2, found in inflammatory zone 1, and type-1 arginase in macrophages. In contrast, APN-induced autophagy and antiinflammatory cytokine expression was diminished in Atg5-knockdown macrophages or by Compound C, an inhibitor of adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Our study indicates that APN activates macrophage autophagy through the adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway and suppresses Ang II-induced inflammatory responses, thereby reducing the extent of cardiac fibrosis.
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly specialized and polarized epithelial cell layer that plays an important role in sustaining the structural and functional integrity of photoreceptors. ...However, the death of RPE is a common pathological feature in various retinal diseases, especially in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Mitophagy, as a programmed self-degradation of dysfunctional mitochondria, is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and cell survival under stress. RPE contains a high density of mitochondria necessary for it to meet energy demands, so severe stimuli can cause mitochondrial dysfunction and the excess generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can further trigger oxidative stress-involved mitophagy. In this review, we summarize the classical pathways of oxidative stress-involved mitophagy in RPE and investigate its role in the progression of retinal diseases, aiming to provide a new therapeutic strategy for treating retinal degenerative diseases.
Graphical Abstract
The role of mitophagy in AMD and DR. In AMD, excessive ROS production promotes mitophagy in the RPE by activating the Nrf2/p62 pathway, while in DR, ROS may suppress mitophagy by the FOXO3-PINK1/parkin signaling pathway or the TXNIP-mitochondria-lysosome-mediated mitophagy.
Praying mantises are distributed all over the world. Though some Mantodea mitogenomes have been reported, an evolutionary genomic and phylogenetic analysis study lacks the latest taxonomic system. In ...the present study, four new mitogenomes were sequenced and annotated. Deroplatys truncate, D. lobate, Amorphoscelis chinensis and Macromantis sp. belong to Deroplatyidae, Amorphoscelidae and Photinaidae family, respectively. Our results indicated that the ATP8 gene may be lost in D. truncate and D. lobata mt genome, and four tRNA genes have not been found in D. truncate, D. lobata and Macromantis sp. A dN/dS pair analysis was conducted and it was found that all genes have evolved under purifying selection. Furthermore, we tested the phylogenetic relationships between the eight families of the Mantodea, including 35 species of praying Mantis. Based on the complete mitochondrial genome data, it was also suggested as sister to Deroplatyidae + Mantidae, Metallyticus sp., the only representative of Metallyticidae, is sister to the remaining mantises. Our results support the taxonomic system of Schwarz and Roy and are consistent with previous studies.
The question which kind of methods is most suitable for treating the old people for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture is still discussed and pairwise meta-analyses cannot get hierarchies of ...these treatments. Our aim is to integrate the evidence to provide hierarchies of the comparative efficacy measured by the change of VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) and tolerability measured by incidence of new fractures and risk of all-cause discontinuation on three treatments (percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP)、balloon kyphoplasty (BK) and conservative treatment (CT)).
We performed a Bayesian-framework network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare three treatments for the old people with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. The eligible RCTs were identified by searching Amed, British Nursing Index, Embase, Pubmed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Google scholar, SIGLE, the National Technical Information Service, the National Research Register (UK) and the Current Controlled Trials databases. Data from three outcomes (e.g. VAS, risk of all-cause discontinuation and incidence of new fractures) were independently extracted by two authors.
A total of five RCTs were finally included into this article. PVP and BK significantly decreased VAS when compared with CT. BK had a significantly lower risk of all-cause discontinuation contrast to CT. Three treatments (BK, PVP and CT) had no significant differences in the incidence of new fractures.
PVP may be the best way to relieve pain, CT might lead to the lowest incidence of new fractures and BK might had the lowest risk of all-cause discontinuation in old people with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. More large-scale and longer duration of follow-up studies are needed.
Angiotensin II stimulates fibroblast proliferation and substantially alters gene expression patterns leading to cardiac remodeling, but the mechanisms for such differences are unknown. MicroRNAs are ...a novel mechanism for gene expression regulation. Herein, we tested the miRNA and mRNA expression patterns in mouse heart using microarray assay and investigated their role in angiotensin II-induced cardiac remodeling. We found that let-7i was dynamically downregulated in angiotensin II-infused heart at day 3 and 7 and had the most targets that were mainly associated with cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. Overexpression or knockdown of let-7i in cultured cardiac fibroblasts demonstrated that let-7i played an inhibitory effect on the expression of its targets interleukin-6 and collagens. Furthermore, delivery of let-7i to mouse significantly inhibited angiotensin II-induced cardiac inflammation and fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, knockdown of let-7i aggravated this effect. Together, our results clearly demonstrate that let-7i acts as a novel negative regulator of angiotensin II-induced cardiac inflammation and fibrosis by suppressing the expression of interleukin-6 and multiple collagens in the heart and may represent a new potential therapeutic target for treating hypertensive cardiac fibrosis.
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