Aniline exposure leads to neuron and spleen toxicity specifically and makes diverse neurological
effects and sarcoma that is defined by splenomegaly, hyperplasia, and fibrosis and tumors
formation at ...the end. However, the molecular mechanism(s) of aniline-induced spleen toxicity is
not understood well, previous studies have represented that aniline exposure results in iron overload
and initiation of oxidative/nitrosative disorder stress and oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and
DNA subsequently, in the spleen. Elevated expression of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
and phosphorylation of pRB protein along with increases in A, B and CDK1 as a cell cycle regulatory
proteins cyclins, and reduce in CDK inhibitors (p21 and p27) could be critical in cell cycle
regulation, which contributes to tumorigenic response after aniline exposure. Aniline-induced
splenic toxicity is correlated to oxidative DNA damage and initiation of DNA glycosylases expression
(OGG1, NEIL1/2, NTH1, APE1 and PNK) for removal of oxidative DNA lesions in rat. Oxidative
stress causes transcriptional up-regulation of fibrogenic/inflammatory factors (cytokines, IL-
1, IL-6 and TNF-α) via induction of nuclear factor-kappa B, AP-1 and redox-sensitive transcription
factors, in aniline treated-rats. The upstream signalling events as phosphorylation of IκB kinases
(IKKα and IKKβ) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) could potentially be the causes
of activation of NF-κB and AP-1. All of these events could initiate a fibrogenic and/or tumorigenic
response in the spleen. The spleen toxicity of aniline is studied more and the different mechanisms
are suggested. This review summarizes those events following aniline exposure that induce spleen
toxicity and neurotoxicity.
Background
In forensic entomology, a way to estimate Post Mortem Interval (PMI) is to use development data of the first colonizing insects on a dead body.
Chrysomya albiceps
and
Calliphora vicina
, ...two members of the family Calliphoridae, are the first waves of necrophagous insects that are the most entomologically important fly species because of its consistent time of arrival and colonization of the body following death. Regarding the bioclimatic, environmental conditions and difference in geographic population, it seems necessary to collect data about the forensically important species in each region. In this research, the growth rate of immature stages of
C.albiceps
and
C.vicina
was studied in controlled laboratory conditions.
Results
The results of this study showed that with increasing temperature, the duration of development was reduced. The highest period of development, for both species, is related to pupae stage and involves about half of the entire development period. The amount of Accumulated Degree Days (ADD) for the egg stage to mature of the species
C.vicina
, at two temperatures of 15°C and 20°C, are calculated as 416 and 396 DD, respectively.
Conclusion
This study showed, temperature had significant effects on rate of the development on
Chrysomya albiceps and Calliphora vicina
and the amount of heat energy needed to development for these species is specific. Actually, the relationship between the development rate and temperature was significant and dependent to species and geographical regions.
Objective: To determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of healthcare workers in Kermanshah Province about Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever(CCHF).Methods: This study was conducted in 2014 on ...healthcare personnel in different job categories including physicians, nurses, midwives, laboratory staff and network health staff of Kermanshah Province by direct interview.Results: A total of 367 respondents who had more than 5 years of experience in their jobs were interviewed. Among them 91% of physicians and nurses, 97% of midwives and health workers and 96% of laboratory staff stated that they had not been confronted with CCHF patients so far. Regarding knowledge, 76% of physicians, 78% of nurses, 77% of midwives and 58% of laboratory staff believed that the disease is remediable. Most of the interviewed participants stated that the disease pertains to people who are in close contact with domestic animals, but they did not consider their own occupations as one of the risk factors. More than 70% of the respondents believed that the disease may exist in the province or their work field. Generally, the knowledge about CCHF was inadequate, with nurses having the lowest level of knowledge.Conclusions: Knowledge of Kermanshah healthcare staff about CCHF was poor,especially nurses in a high risk job category. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct specific training programs for the disease identification, transmission, prevention, and treatment as well as the use of personal protection and safety devices.
Aflatoxin is a toxic metabolite produced mainly by
spp. which may occur in dairy products because of biotransformation. In this work, a systematic and meta-analysis approach has been considered on ...the topic of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) content in dairy Iranian products. Based on the literature review, AFM1 was the most common aflatoxin contamination in dairy product. Additionally, studies revealed that higher levels of AFM1 were produced during cold seasons includes winter and autumn. Although, immunochemical technique (ELISA) was the frequent and rapid test, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and chromatographic methods (HPLC) were commonly used as confirmative techniques to determine the level of aflatoxin. Meta-analyzing of the results showed that AFM1 can be found in the dairy products with overall prevalence percentage of 63.53 (95% confidence interval CI: 56.28-70.78) and 54.05 (95% CI: 43.09-65.02) based on the sample type and production process, respectively. The higher prevalence percentage of AFM1 of 73.96 (95% CI: 60.27-87.66) and 69.91 (95% CI: 62.00-78.83) was found in yoghurt and industrial production type of samples, respectively. In general, 17.8% of cheese, 14% of yogurt, 12.63% of kashk, and 2.1% of doogh contained AFM1 in concentrations exceeding the permitted level of standards. Totally, results showed that 88.89% of dairy products were contaminated by AFM1 exceeding from standard limits.
Chlorinated pesticides have been used in pest control for several decades in the world. These compounds are still applied in many regions, and their continuous usage has resulted in their ...bioaccumulation and residue in the food chain. These residues could transfer to food products and accumulate in fat tissues. Undoubtedly, the breast milk could be a significant biomarker for estimation of these residues in the human body. This study was conducted to review and compile the results of the studies undertaken in the world which surveyed the organochlorine pesticides residue in breast milk.
A total of 710 national and international articles and texts related to the focused subject were extracted from the virtual databases using the following key words: Chlorinated pesticides, residue and breast milk. Thirty articles published between 1980 and 2013 were selected and reviewed.
The majority of the reviewed articles indicated the presence of two or more organochlorine pesticides in the collected samples of breast milk. Based on the reviewed studies, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) had the highest level of concentration in the collected samples of breast milk. Moreover, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between mother's age, her multiparty and concentration of chlorinated pesticides in breast milk.
The organochlorine pesticides are still applied in some developing countries including some regions of Iran. Thus, it seems essential to inform the community about the adverse effects of this class of pesticides; and most importantly the governments should also ban the use of such compounds.
Background: The German cockroach, Blattella germanica is a major hygienic pest and mechanical vector for path- ogenic agents in hospitals and residential areas. The development of insecticide ...resistance is a serious problem in controlling of this pest. Toxicity of four commonly used insecticides (permethrin, cypermethrin, malathion and chlorpyrifos) against two hospital- collected strains of the German cockroach was investigated. Methods: Topical bioassay methods were carried out for detecting insecticide susceptibility of adult male cock- roaches. For each insecticide, four to six concentrations resulting in >0% and <100% mortality were used. Three to six replicates of 10 cockroaches per concentration were conducted. The differences between LD50 (µ g/g) values were considered statistically significant only when the 95% confidence intervals did not overlap Results: Two hospital- collected strains of the German cockroach showed low to moderate levels of resistance to chlorpyrifos, permethrin, malathion and cypermethrin based on resistance ratios compared with susceptible strain. Conclusion: The low level chlorpyrifos resistance suggesting this insecticide may still provide adequate control of these strains. While the obsereved moderate levels of resistance to cypermethrin could imply developing resistance to this compound.
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