China's iron and steel (IS) industry contributes approximately 16 % of the nation's total CO2 emissions. This study evaluates the environmental impact of each step in the production process based on ...the life cycle assessment method. It then explores potential deep decarbonisation pathways, developing an integrated dynamic model to meet the carbon neutrality target. The results reveal three primary findings. (1) In 2020, the blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace contributed significantly to the global warming potential −1.77 E−8 kg CO2 equivalents per year (eq/yr) higher than the electric arc furnace—and the blast furnace process makes the largest contribution in ironmaking (8.9E−9 kg CO2 eq/yr). (2) Converter negative energy steelmaking technology has the highest energy savings at 39.07 million tons of coal equivalent (Mtce) and an emissions-reduction potential of 72.01 Mt. Its mitigation cost is 69 CNY/t CO2, followed by thick-layer sintering (30.21 Mtce, 61.21 Mt. and 70 CNY/t CO2) and the application of dry vacuum system for molten steel degassing circulation (26.17 Mtce, 56.03 Mt. and 102 CNY/t CO2). (3) Technological improvement could significantly impact the IS industry, reducing CO2 emissions through production structure improvement, technological development and ultra-low emissions technology, from 789 Mt. in a business-as-usual scenario to 516 Mt., 261 Mt. and 157 Mt. in 2060, respectively.
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•An integrated LCA and dynamic model framework is developed.•The low-carbon pathways for iron and steel industry towards carbon neutrality are analyzed.•The technological roadmap is crucial in achieving carbon neutrality.•The CCS technology helps long-term CO2 emissions reduction in the iron and steel industry.
Identifying CO
2
emission from different perspectives is necessary for developing the effective mitigation policies for China. Previous studies mainly focus on exploring important sectors from ...production and consumption sides, while the perspective of betweenness has been neglected. For narrowing the gap, a new perspective for accounting the critical transmission sectors is discussed. In this study, we calculated and compared the CO
2
emissions of production-based, consumption-based, and betweenness-based from 2012 to 2017 based on the multi-regional input–output (MRIO) model. A structural decomposition analysis (SDA) is conducted to uncover the driving forces of CO
2
emissions change from three accounting principles. The Findings are as follows: (1) the heavy industry sector (559.26 Mt) in Shandong and Jiangsu (471.97 Mt), Power in Guangdong (83.77 Mt) and Beijing (199.24 Mt), Equipment in Jiangsu (213.88 Mt) are identified as the key transmission sectors; (2) the emission intensity effect and the final demand product structure effect contribute to CO
2
emission decrease in China, which are largely offset by the structure effect of final demand source and the final demand scale effect. Based on this, we propose some typical policy implications, such as paying close attention to the production efficiency of the key transmission sectors, optimizing the intermediate product input structure and increasing investment in the technology level, and then reducing the intensity of carbon emission.
Energy and water support the three pillars of sustainable development—the economic, the social, and the environmental—in that they enable poverty reduction, job creation, and human well-being in ...general. A multiregional input–output model (MRIO) is established to estimate the flows of embodied energy and virtual water in China–US trade in 2015. Then, a structure decomposition analysis (SDA) model is used to analyze the factors affecting the differences in embodied energy and virtual water in China–US trade. There are three notable findings: (1) The net exported embodied energy in China is 94.41 Mtoe (million tons of oil equivalent), and the net exported virtual water is 4.48 Bm3 (billion cubic meters), among which Guangdong province exports the most embodied energy (17.01 Mtoe) and Jiangsu province exports the most virtual water (2.58 Bm3); these exports are mainly concentrated in the metal and nonmetal product sector (embodied energy) and the agriculture sector (virtual water). (2) From the embodied energy perspective, the input–output structure effect (63.93 Mtoe) plays the most important role in increasing the embodied energy differences. However, the final demand per capita (−20.93 Mtoe) is the largest negative factor decreasing the differences in the export of embodied energy. (3) From the virtual water perspective, the input–output structure effect (2.41 Bm3) plays the most important positive role in increasing the differences between China and the US; in contrast, the final per-capita demand (−1.78 Bm3) is the most important negative factor for decreasing the differences in virtual water.
•Embodied energy and virtual water flow in China-US trade are calculated.•Identifying driving factors of net flow of embodied energy and water in China-US trade.•Over 94.41 Mtoe embodied energy in China's final consumption originates from USA.•Over 4.48 Bm3 virtual water in China's final consumption originates from USA.•Input-output structure dominates the net export of embodied energy and virtual water.
Intratumoral delivery of mRNA encoding immunostimulatory molecules can initiate a robust, global antitumor response with little side effects by enhancing local antigen presentation in the tumor and ...the tumor draining lymph node. Neoantigen-based mRNA nanovaccine can inhibit melanoma growth in mice by intratumoral injection. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) suppress antitumor immune responses by secreting immunosuppressive agents, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Suppression of STAT3 activity by stattic may reduce MDSC-mediated immunosuppression in the TME and promote the antitumor immune responses. In this study, in vitro transcribed mRNA encoding tumor antigen survivin was prepared and injected intratumorally in BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous colon cancer tumors. In vivo studies demonstrated that intratumoral survivin mRNA therapy could induce antitumor T cell response and inhibit tumor growth of colon cancer. Depletion of CD8+ T cells could significantly inhibit survivin mRNA-induced antitumor effects. RT-qPCR and ELISA analysis indicated that survivin mRNA treatment led to increased expression of receptor activator nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). In vitro experiment showed that MDSCs could be induced from mouse bone marrow cells by RANKL and RANKL-induced MDSCs could produce high level of ROS. STAT3 inhibitor stattic suppressed activation of STAT3 and NF-κB signals, thereby inhibiting expansion of RANKL-induced MDSCs. Combination therapy of survivin mRNA and stattic could significantly enhance antitumor T cell response, improve long-term survival and reduce immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment compared to each monotherapy. In addition, combined therapy resulted in a significantly reduced level of tumor cell proliferation and an obviously increased level of tumor cell apoptosis in CT26 colon cancer-bearing mice, which could be conducive to inhibit the tumor growth and lead to immune responses to released tumor-associated antigens. These studies explored intratumoral mRNA therapy and mRNA-based combined therapy to treat colon cancer and provide a new idea for cancer therapy.
•This study explored intratumoral mRNA therapy and mRNA-based combined therapy.•Intratumoral survivin mRNA therapy could induce CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity.•STAT3 inhibitor stattic could inhibit the activation of NF-κB signal to restrict MDSCs induction by RANKL.•Combination treatment with STAT3 inhibitor stattic could significantly enhance survivin mRNA-induced responses.•Direct injection of encoding mRNA into tumor is a potential cancer treatment strategy.
OpenGL is a strong there-the graph develop tools,3DS format is a common format for saving there d model Based on OpenGL, the paper researches on the method of 3DS model file read, render and control. ...First it analyzes the file structure of 3DS, and abstracts the data structure of face, material, object and model by chunk structure used to read in data. The file data is read in with the method of recursion, the read data renders in screen after data disposal. The interactive control of model is accomplished by three kinds of geometric transformation, translate, rotate and scale and OpenGL select mechanism. Finally, those methods are applied into the system of the borehole operation operate simulation and drilling, and achieve better results.
BACKGROUND Selenium and peroxynitrite are known to support the growth and activity of immune cells, including T cells, B cells and macrophages. However, the role of these factors in the immune ...function of human immature dendritic cells (imDCs) is not clear. MATERIAL AND METHODS Monocytes from a mixture of blood samples were isolated using Ficoll density gradient centrifugation and purified with immunomagnetic beads before being induced into imDCs. Cells then either received no treatment (control group), or treatment with sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃, Se), 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN1, which decomposes into peroxynitrite), or Se+SIN1. Cell viability, migration, and antiphagocytic abilities, oxidative stress, and protein expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and MMP2 were assessed using a CCK8 assay, cell counter and flow cytometry, microplate spectrophotometer, and Western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS Viability of imDCs was unaffected by 0.1 μmol/L of Na₂SeO₃, although 1 mmol/L of SIN1 decreased it significantly (P<0.05). Chemotactic migration and antiphagocytic abilities were inhibited and enhanced, respectively, by treatment with Na₂SeO₃ and SIN1 (P<0.05). Activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were increased by Na2SeO3 and Se+SIN1 (P<0.001). Glutathione content decreased with exposure to Na₂SeO₃ and SIN1 (P<0.05), but increased after treatment with Se+SIN1 (P<0.05). Levels of reactive oxygen species only increased with SIN1 treatment (P<0.05). Treatment with Na₂SeO₃, SIN1 and Se+SIN1 increased ERK phosphorylation and decreased MMP2 protein expression (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Selenium and peroxynitrite can influence immune function in imDCs by regulating levels of reactive oxygen species or glutathione to activate ERK and promote antigen phagocytosis, as well as by decreasing MMP2 expression to inhibit chemotactic migration.
Dendritic cells (DCs) can mediate immune responses or immune tolerance depending on their immunophenotype and functional status. Remodeling of DCs’ immune functions can develop proper therapeutic ...regimens for different immune-mediated diseases. In the immunopathology of autoimmune diseases (ADs), activated DCs notably promote effector T-cell polarization and exacerbate the disease. Recent evidence indicates that metformin can attenuate the clinical symptoms of ADs due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Whether and how the therapeutic effects of metformin on ADs are associated with DCs remain unknown. In this study, metformin was added to a culture system of LPS-induced DC maturation. The results revealed that metformin shifted DC into a tolerant phenotype, resulting in reduced surface expression of MHC-II, costimulatory molecules and CCR7, decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ), increased level of IL-10, upregulated immunomodulatory molecules (ICOSL and PD-L) and an enhanced capacity to promote regulatory T-cell (T
reg
) differentiation. Further results demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory effects of metformin in vivo were closely related to remodeling the immunophenotype of DCs. Mechanistically, metformin could mediate the metabolic reprogramming of DCs through FoxO3a signaling pathways, including disturbing the balance of fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO), increasing glycolysis but inhibiting the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TAC) and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), which resulted in the accumulation of fatty acids (FAs) and lactic acid, as well as low anabolism in DCs. Our findings indicated that metformin could induce tolerance in DCs by reprogramming their metabolic patterns and play anti-inflammatory roles in vitro and in vivo.
Investigating the sources, migration and proportional contribution of nitrate is essential to effectively protect water quality. δ
15
N-NO
3
-
, δ
18
O-NO
3
-
and Stable Isotope Analysis in R (SIAR) ...were used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyse nitrate sources in the Pingzhai Reservoir water body. The values of δ
15
N-NO
3
-
and δ
18
O-NO
3
-
in water vary with season. Soil organic nitrogen and chemical fertilisers are the main sources of nitrate in autumn, while domestic sewage and livestock manure are the primary sources of nitrate in winter and spring. The SIAR results showed that chemical fertilisers, livestock manure, sewage, and soil organic nitrogen had the highest proportional contribution. In autumn, the proportional contribution of chemical fertilisers to river and reservoir were 47 and 51 %. During winter, the proportional contributions of livestock manure and sewage to river and reservoir were 53 and 68 %, respectively, and in spring 49 and 68 %, respectively. Considering the fragility of karst ecosystems, strict measures should be formulated for the use of chemical fertilisers and standards for sewage discharge should be raised. Control nitrogen input from agricultural activities and prevent water quality deterioration.
Identifying CO
emission from different perspectives is necessary for developing the effective mitigation policies for China. Previous studies mainly focus on exploring important sectors from ...production and consumption sides, while the perspective of betweenness has been neglected. For narrowing the gap, a new perspective for accounting the critical transmission sectors is discussed. In this study, we calculated and compared the CO
emissions of production-based, consumption-based, and betweenness-based from 2012 to 2017 based on the multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model. A structural decomposition analysis (SDA) is conducted to uncover the driving forces of CO
emissions change from three accounting principles. The Findings are as follows: (1) the heavy industry sector (559.26 Mt) in Shandong and Jiangsu (471.97 Mt), Power in Guangdong (83.77 Mt) and Beijing (199.24 Mt), Equipment in Jiangsu (213.88 Mt) are identified as the key transmission sectors; (2) the emission intensity effect and the final demand product structure effect contribute to CO
emission decrease in China, which are largely offset by the structure effect of final demand source and the final demand scale effect. Based on this, we propose some typical policy implications, such as paying close attention to the production efficiency of the key transmission sectors, optimizing the intermediate product input structure and increasing investment in the technology level, and then reducing the intensity of carbon emission.
The paper aims to investigate the influencing factors that drive the temporal and spatial differences of CO
emissions for the transportation sector in China. For this purpose, this study adopts a ...Logistic Mean Division Index (LMDI) model to explore the driving forces of the changes for the transport sector's CO
emissions from a temporal perspective during 2000-2017 and identifies the key factors of differences in the transport sector's CO
emissions of China's 15 cities in four key years (i.e., 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2017) using a multi-regional spatial decomposition model (M-R). Based on the empirical results, it was found that the main forces for affecting CO
emissions of the transport sector are not the same as those from temporal and spatial perspectives. Temporal decomposition results show that the income effect is the dominant factor inducing the increase of CO
emissions in the transport sector, while the transportation intensity effect is the main factor for curbing the CO
emissions. Spatial decomposition results demonstrate that income effect, energy intensity effect, transportation intensity effect, and transportation structure effect are important factors which result in enlarging the differences in city-level CO
emissions. In addition, the less-developed cities and lower energy efficiency cities have greater potential to reduce CO
emissions of the transport sector. Understanding the feature of CO
emissions and the influencing factors of cities is critical for formulating city-level mitigation strategies of the transport sector in China. Overall, it is expected that the level of economic development is the main factor leading to the differences in CO
emissions from a spatial-temporal perspective.
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