Nanophotonics, manipulating light–matter interactions at the nanoscale, is an appealing technology for diversified biochemical and physical sensing applications. Guided-wave nanophotonics paves the ...way to miniaturize the sensors and realize on-chip integration of various photonic components, so as to realize chip-scale sensing systems for the future realization of the Internet of Things which requires the deployment of numerous sensor nodes. Starting from the popular CMOS-compatible silicon nanophotonics in the infrared, many infrared guided-wave nanophotonic sensors have been developed, showing the advantages of high sensitivity, low limit of detection, low crosstalk, strong detection multiplexing capability, immunity to electromagnetic interference, small footprint and low cost. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent progress of research on infrared guided-wave nanophotonic sensors. The sensor configurations, sensing mechanisms, sensing performances, performance improvement strategies, and system integrations are described. Future development directions are also proposed to overcome current technological obstacles toward industrialization.
Tunable metamaterial devices have experienced explosive growth in the past decades, driving the traditional electromagnetic (EM) devices to evolve into diversified functionalities by manipulating EM ...properties such as amplitude, frequency, phase, polarization, and propagation direction. However, one of the bottlenecks of these rapidly developed metamaterials technologies is limited tunability caused by the intrinsic frequency‐dependent property of exotic tunable material. To overcome such limitation, the microelectromechanical system (MEMS) enabling micro/nanoscale manipulation is developed to actively control “meta‐atom” in terahertz and infrared region, which brings frequency‐scalable tunability and complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor‐compatible functional meta‐devices. Beyond tunability, novel chemical sensing platforms of molecular identification and dynamic monitoring of the biochemical process can be achieved by integrating micro/nanofluidics channels with metamaterial resonators. Additionally, incorporating metamaterial absorbers with MEMS resonators brings another research interest in MEMS zero‐power devices and radiation sensors. Furthermore, moving from 2D metasurfaces to 3D metamaterials, enhanced EM properties like novel resonance mode, giant chirality, and 3D manipulation reinforce the application in biochemical and physical sensors as well as functional meta‐devices, paving the way to realize multi‐functional sensing and signal processing on a hybrid smart‐sensor microsystem for booming healthcare, environmental monitoring, and the Internet of Things applications.
This review introduces recent research progress of metamaterials leveraging the microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and micro/nano‐fluidics technologies. Microscale manipulation of metamaterials can be achieved using these technologies and can be used to tune the electromagnetic properties of metamaterials. Diversified and advanced application is surveyed including MEMS metamaterials functional devices, surface‐enhanced chemical sensors and plasmonic‐enhanced physical sensors, and 3D metamaterials.
To explore the inhibition mechanism of Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) on ulcerative colitis (UC) carcinogenesis.
C57BL/6 mice were treated with azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium ...(AOM/DSS) to develop a UC carcinogenesis model. The treatment group was lavaged with S. boulardii (5 × 10
CFU/d) for 12 weeks. The mice were sacrificed and the tumor load in the treatment group was compared with that of a control group. The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in colon tissue were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The influence of S. boulardii on TNF-α and IL-6 regulation was also investigated using different colon cell lines. Differences in intestinal microbiota in both stool and intestinal mucosa samples were assessed using 16S rDNA sequencing.
S. boulardii treatment reduced AOM/DSS-induced UC carcinogenesis in mice, as indicated by the reduced tumor load and reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels in vivo, as well its effects on TNF-α and IL-6 activities in vitro. Significant changes in both fecal and mucosal microbiota were observed among the control, the AOM/DSS treated, and AOM/DSS plus S. boulardii treated groups. For fecal microbiota, the AOM/DSS treated group was lower in Lactobacillus, but higher in Oscillibacter and Lachnoclostridium than the control group. After intervention with S. boulardii, the percentage of Bacillus and Lactococcus increased, but Lachnoclostridium, Oscillibacter, Bacteroides, and Pseudomonas decreased. For the intestinal mucosal microbiota, the AOM/DSS treated group was lower in Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 and higher in Alloprevotella than the control group. After S. boulardii exposure, the percentage contributions of Lachnoclostridium and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 increased.
S. boulardii effectively reduced UC carcinogenesis in an AOM/DSS induced mice model. This positive result can likely be attributed to the reduction of TNF-α and IL-6 levels or the blockade of their function combined with alterations to the intestinal microbiota.
The drift history of the Lhasa terrane is crucial for understanding the tectonic evolution of Tethyan Oceans and Jurassic true polar wander. However, high‐quality Middle Jurassic paleomagnetic data ...from the Lhasa terrane are limited in number. Here we report a combined paleomagnetic and geochronologic study on the Yeba Formation volcanic rocks, dated at ∼170 Ma, from the Lhasa terrane. Robust field and reversal tests indicate that the characteristic remanent magnetizations are primary. Our results provide a reliable Middle Jurassic (∼170 Ma) paleopole at 29.8°N, 180.7°E with A95 = 5.7° and a paleolatitude of 14.4 ± 5.7°N for the Lhasa area. Compared with previous paleomagnetic and geologic evidence, we propose that the Meso‐Tethys Ocean probably began to close in the eastern part at ∼168 Ma and that the Lhasa terrane underwent a ∼2,900 km southward “monster shift” during the Late Jurassic.
Plain Language Summary
The formation of the Tibetan Plateau followed the breakup of the Gondwana supercontinent and was associated with the demise of several Tethyan Oceans. The Lhasa terrane, which is a long and narrow continental fragment derived from Gondwana, was isolated in the Tethyan Ocean during the Jurassic and finally accreted to the south margin of the Paleo‐Asia continent, leading to the closure of the Meso‐Tethys Ocean. However, when this Meso‐Tethys Ocean closed is still controversial. Our new robust paleomagnetic result shows that the Lhasa terrane was located at ∼14.4°N at ∼170 Ma. Based on available reliable Jurassic paleomagnetic data from the eastern part of the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes, we suggest that the Meso‐Tethys Ocean began to close in the eastern part at ∼168 Ma. Integrating our critical Middle Jurassic paleomagnetic data with that of the Late Jurassic from the Lhasa terrane, we argue that the Lhasa terrane suffered a ∼2,900 km southward latitudinal shift during the Late Jurassic, which is known as true polar wander.
Key Points
The Lhasa terrane was located at ∼14.4 ± 5.7°N at ∼170 Ma
The Lhasa terrane experienced a ∼2,900 km southward monster shift during the Late Jurassic
The closure of the Meso‐Tethys Ocean in the eastern part most likely occurred at ∼168 Ma
To better understand the Neotethyan paleogeography, a paleomagnetic and geochronological study has been performed on the Early Cretaceous Sangxiu Formation lava flows, which were dated from ~135.1 Ma ...to ~124.4 Ma, in the Tethyan Himalaya. The tilt-corrected site-mean characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) direction for 26 sites is Ds = 296.1°, Is = -65.7°, ks = 51.7, α95 = 4.0°, corresponding to a paleopole at 5.9°S, 308.0°E with A95 = 6.1°. Positive fold and reversal tests prove that the ChRM directions are prefolding primary magnetizations. These results, together with reliable Cretaceous-Paleocene paleomagnetic data observed from the Tethyan Himalaya and the Lhasa terrane, as well as the paleolatitude evolution indicated by the apparent polar wander paths (APWPs) of India, reveal that the Tethyan Himalaya was a part of Greater India during the Early Cretaceous (135.1-124.4 Ma) when the Neotethyan Ocean was up to ~6900 km, it rifted from India sometime after ~130 Ma, and that the India-Asia collision should be a dual-collision process including the first Tethyan Himalaya-Lhasa terrane collision at ~54.9 Ma and the final India-Tethyan Himalaya collision at ~36.7 Ma.
Cigarette smoke damages a wide range of immunological functions, including innate and adaptive immune responses. Emerging literature demonstrates that inflammasome constitutes an essential component ...in innate immune response. In this review, we focus on the cumulative mechanisms of inflammasome in cigarette smoke-related diseases and physiopathological disorders, and summarize potential therapeutic opportunities targeting inflammasome. This review suggests that inflammasomes (NLRP3, NLRP6, NLRP12 and AIM2) are involved in the pathogenesis of several cigarette smoke-related diseases (including COPD, ALI, atherosclerosis, kidney injury, bladder dysfunction, and oral leukoplakia) and physiopathological disorders (macrophage dysfunction, endothelial barrier dysfunction, podocyte injury, and ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal processing). MyD88/NF-κB, HMGB1, production of ROS, endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, and Ca
influx are potentially involved in cigarette smoke induced-inflammasome activation. Strategies targeting ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome axis are most widely investigated and show potential therapeutic effects.
Genomic studies of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) have advanced our understanding of the disease’s biology and accelerated targeted therapy. However, the proteomic characteristics of LUAD remain poorly ...understood. We carried out a comprehensive proteomics analysis of 103 cases of LUAD in Chinese patients. Integrative analysis of proteome, phosphoproteome, transcriptome, and whole-exome sequencing data revealed cancer-associated characteristics, such as tumor-associated protein variants, distinct proteomics features, and clinical outcomes in patients at an early stage or with EGFR and TP53 mutations. Proteome-based stratification of LUAD revealed three subtypes (S-I, S-II, and S-III) related to different clinical and molecular features. Further, we nominated potential drug targets and validated the plasma protein level of HSP 90β as a potential prognostic biomarker for LUAD in an independent cohort. Our integrative proteomics analysis enables a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular landscape of LUAD and offers an opportunity for more precise diagnosis and treatment.
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•Discovery of prognosis-associated proteins and pathways at early stage of LUAD•Proteomics revealed three subtypes related to clinical and molecular features•Identification of subtype-specific kinases and cancer-associated phosphoproteins•Identification of potential prognostic biomarkers and drug targets in LUAD
Integrative proteomic characterization of lung adenocarcinoma in 103 Chinese patients identifies three subtypes related to clinical and molecular features and nominates potential prognostic biomarkers and drug targets.
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent programmed cell death characterized by reactive oxygen species-induced lipid peroxidation and resultant membrane damage. Recent research has elucidated the mechanism ...of ferroptosis and investigated the relationship between ferroptosis and various diseases, including degenerative diseases, cancer, and inflammation. Ferroptosis is associated with inflammation-related intestinal diseases such as colitis and colitis-associated cancer. New insights into the role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of inflammation-related gut diseases have suggested novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize current information on the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and describe its emerging role and therapeutic potential in inflammation-related intestinal diseases.
The occurrence of ovarian cancer (OC) is a major factor in women’s mortality rates. Despite progress in medical treatments, like new drugs targeting homologous recombination deficiency, survival ...rates for OC patients are still not ideal. The tumor microenvironment (TME) includes cancer cells, fibroblasts linked to cancer (CAFs), immune-inflammatory cells, and the substances these cells secrete, along with non-cellular components in the extracellular matrix (ECM). First, the TME mainly plays a role in inhibiting tumor growth and protecting normal cell survival. As tumors progress, the TME gradually becomes a place to promote tumor cell progression. Immune cells in the TME have attracted much attention as targets for immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has the potential to regulate the TME, suppressing factors that facilitate tumor advancement, reactivating immune cells, managing tumor growth, and extending the survival of patients with advanced cancer. This review presents an outline of current studies on the distinct cellular elements within the OC TME, detailing their main functions and possible signaling pathways. Additionally, we examine immunotherapy rechallenge in OC, with a specific emphasis on the biological reasons behind resistance to ICIs.
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