The evaluation of the potential for newly arrived species to survive and the determination whether a founder population can become established and subsequently spread and cause negative impacts are ...crucial considerations when performing a pest risk assessment in plant health. Climate change has clear consequences concerning the potential range of pests, and their potential for spread and impacts. Despite its importance, no guidance exists to support the evaluation of whether and how climate change should be incorporated into pest risk assessment. This paper reviews how climate change has been considered so far, not only in the area of pest risk assessment but also in other domains and provides guidance on how its incorporation could affect the overall assessment. Furthermore, from this analysis, some possible solutions for incorporating climate change into pest risk assessment are provided, taking into account that its outcomes have profound political, economic, social and environmental implications.
Inclure le changement climatique dans l'évaluation du risque phytosanitaire: pratiques actuelles et perspectives
L'évaluation du potentiel de survie de nouvelles espèces; et la détermination de la possibilité d'établissement et de dissémination d'une population fondatrice et de ses impacts négatifs sont des considérations cruciales lors de la réalisation d'une évaluation du risque phytosanitaire. Le changement climatique a des conséquences évidentes sur la répartition géographique potentielle d'organismes nuisibles ainsi que sur leurs éventuels dissémination et impacts. Malgré son importance, il n'existe aucune directive pour évaluer la pertinence de l'intégration du changement climatique dans l'évaluation du risque phytosanitaire. Cet article examine comment le changement climatique a été pris en compte jusqu'à présent, non seulement dans le domaine de l'évaluation du risque phytosanitaire, mais également dans d'autres domaines, et explique l'impact de son intégration sur l'ensemble de l'évaluation. En outre, à partir de cette analyse, certaines solutions pour intégrer le changement climatique dans l'évaluation du risque phytosanitaire sont fournies, en reconnaissant que le changement climatique aura de profondes implications politiques, économiques, sociales et environnementales.
Включение изменения климата в оценку фитосанитарного риска: текущие практики и перспективы будущего применения
Оценка потенциала выживания новоприбывших видов и определение того, может ли популяция акклиматизироваться, а затем распространиться и вызвать негативные последствия, являются важнейшими факторами при проведении оценки фитосанитарного риска. Изменение климата имеет очевидные последствия в отношении потенциального ареала вредных организмов, а также потенциала их распространения и масштаба наносимого вреда. Несмотря на важность проблемы климатических изменений, в настоящее время не существует четкого руководства, описывающего, следует ли и каким образом включать вопросы изменение климата в оценку фитосанитарного риска. В данной статье приведён обзор того, как проблема изменения климата рассматривалась до настоящего времени в области оценки фитосанитарного риска и в смежных областях, а также рассмотрено, как учёт климатических изменений может повлиять на общую оценку фитосанитарного риска. Кроме того, на основе проведенного анализа предлагаются возможные решения для включения вопросов изменения климата в оценку фитосанитарного риска, с учетом того, что они влекут за собой серьезные политические, экономические, социальные и экологические последствия.
► Most studies that address options to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the animal production focus on systems in developed countries and on a single GHG. ► Current decisions on GHG ...mitigation in animal production are hindered by the complexity and uncertainty of the combined effect of GHG mitigation options on climate change and their relation with other aspects of sustainability. ► There is an urgent need to integrate simulation models at animal, crop and farm level with a consequential life cycle sustainability assessment to gain insight into the multidimensional and sometimes conflicting consequences of GHG mitigation options.
The animal food chain contributes significantly to emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). We explored studies that addressed options to mitigate GHG emissions in the animal production chain and concluded that most studies focused on production systems in developed countries and on a single GHG. They did not account for the complex interrelated effects on other GHGs or their relation with other aspects of sustainability, such as eutrophication, animal welfare, land use or food security. Current decisions on GHG mitigation in animal production, therefore, are hindered by the complexity and uncertainty of the combined effect of GHG mitigation options on climate change and their relation with other aspects of sustainability. There is an urgent need to integrate simulation models at animal, crop and farm level with a consequential life cycle sustainability assessment to gain insight into the multidimensional and sometimes conflicting consequences of GHG mitigation options.
The Boolardy Engineering Test Array is a 6 × 12 m dish interferometer and the prototype of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), equipped with the first generation of ASKAP's ...phased array feed (PAF) receivers. These facilitate rapid wide-area imaging via the deployment of simultaneous multiple beams within an ∼30 deg2 field of view. By cycling the array through 12 interleaved pointing positions and using nine digitally formed beams, we effectively mimic a traditional 1 h × 108 pointing survey, covering ∼150 deg2 over 711–1015 MHz in 12 h of observing time. Three such observations were executed over the course of a week. We verify the full bandwidth continuum imaging performance and stability of the system via self-consistency checks and comparisons to existing radio data. The combined three epoch image has arcminute resolution and a 1σ thermal noise level of 375 μJy beam−1, although the effective noise is a factor of ∼3 higher due to residual sidelobe confusion. From this we derive a catalogue of 3722 discrete radio components, using the 35 per cent fractional bandwidth to measure in-band spectral indices for 1037 of them. A search for transient events reveals one significantly variable source within the survey area. The survey covers approximately two-thirds of the Spitzer South Pole Telescope Deep Field. This pilot project demonstrates the viability and potential of using PAFs to rapidly and accurately survey the sky at radio wavelengths.
Background
Hypercoagulability and endothelial dysfunction are hallmarks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and appear to predict disease severity. A high incidence of thrombosis despite ...thromboprophylaxis is reported in patients with moderate to severe COVID‐19. Recent randomized clinical trials suggest that therapeutic‐intensity heparin confers a survival benefit in moderate‐severity COVID‐19 compared to standard‐intensity heparin, potentially by harnessing heparin‐mediated endothelial‐stabilizing and anti‐inflammatory effects.
Objective
We hypothesized that patients with moderate‐severity COVID‐19 exhibit enhanced hypercoagulability despite standard‐intensity thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) compared to non‐COVID‐19 hospitalized patients.
Methods
Patients with moderate COVID‐19 and a control group (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS‐CoV‐2–negative hospitalized patients) receiving LMWH thromboprophylaxis were recruited. Markers of endothelial damage and plasma thrombin generation parameters were assessed.
Results
Tissue plasminogen activator levels were significantly increased in the COVID‐19 group (8.3 ± 4.4 vs. 4.9 ± 2.4 ng/ml; P = .02) compared to non‐COVID‐19–hospitalized patients. Despite thromboprophylaxis, mean endogenous thrombin potential was significantly increased among COVID‐19 patients (1929 ± 448 vs. 1528 ± 460.8 nM*min; P = .04) but lag time to thrombin generation was significantly prolonged (8.1 ± 1.8 vs. 6.2 ± 1.8 mins; P = .02). While tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) levels were similar in both groups, in the presence of an inhibitory anti‐TFPI antibody, the difference in lag time between the groups was abrogated.
Conclusions
Collectively, these data demonstrate that COVID‐19 of moderate severity is associated with increased plasma thrombin generation and endothelial damage, and that hypercoagulability persists despite standard LMWH thromboprophylaxis. These findings may be of clinical interest given recent clinical trial data which suggest escalated heparin dosing in non‐severe COVID‐19 may be associated with improved clinical outcomes.
We present the Data Release 9 Quasar (DR9Q) catalog from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III. The catalog includes all BOSS objects that were ...targeted as quasar candidates during the survey, are spectrocopically confirmed as quasars via visual inspection, have luminosities Miz = 2 < −20.5 (in a ΛCDM cosmology with H0 = 70 km s-1 Mpc-1, ΩM = 0.3, and ΩΛ = 0.7) and either display at least one emission line with full width at half maximum (FWHM) larger than 500 km s-1 or, if not, have interesting/complex absorption features. It includes as well, known quasars (mostly from SDSS-I and II) that were reobserved by BOSS. This catalog contains 87 822 quasars (78 086 are new discoveries) detected over 3275 deg2 with robust identification and redshift measured by a combination of principal component eigenspectra newly derived from a training set of 8632 spectra from SDSS-DR7. The number of quasars with z > 2.15 (61 931) is ~2.8 times larger than the number of z > 2.15 quasars previously known. Redshifts and FWHMs are provided for the strongest emission lines (C iv, C iii, Mg ii). The catalog identifies 7533 broad absorption line quasars and gives their characteristics. For each object the catalog presents five-band (u, g, r, i, z) CCD-based photometry with typical accuracy of 0.03 mag, and information on the morphology and selection method. The catalog also contains X-ray, ultraviolet, near-infrared, and radio emission properties of the quasars, when available, from other large-area surveys. The calibrated digital spectra cover the wavelength region 3600−10 500 Å at a spectral resolution in the range 1300 < R < 2500; the spectra can be retrieved from the SDSS Catalog Archive Server. We also provide a supplemental list of an additional 949 quasars that have been identified, among galaxy targets of the BOSS or among quasar targets after DR9 was frozen.
Genome of the African Trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei Berriman, Matthew; Ghedin, Elodie; Hertz-Fowler, Christiane ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
07/2005, Volume:
309, Issue:
5733
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
African trypanosomes cause human sleeping sickness and livestock trypanosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. We present the sequence and analysis of the 11 megabase-sized chromosomes of Trypanosoma ...brucei. The 26-megabase genome contains 9068 predicted genes, including approximately900 pseudogenes and approximately1700 T. brucei-specific genes. Large subtelomeric arrays contain an archive of 806 variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes used by the parasite to evade the mammalian immune system. Most VSG genes are pseudogenes, which may be used to generate expressed mosaic genes by ectopic recombination. Comparisons of the cytoskeleton and endocytic trafficking systems with those of humans and other eukaryotic organisms reveal major differences. A comparison of metabolic pathways encoded by the genomes of T. brucei, T. cruzi, and Leishmania major reveals the least overall metabolic capability in T. brucei and the greatest in L. major. Horizontal transfer of genes of bacterial origin has contributed to some of the metabolic differences in these parasites, and a number of novel potential drug targets have been identified.
We report the discovery of a new 21-cm H i absorption system using commissioning data from the Boolardy Engineering Test Array of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP). Using the ...711.5–1015.5 MHz band of ASKAP we were able to conduct a blind search for the 21-cm line in a continuous redshift range between z = 0.4 and 1.0, which has, until now, remained largely unexplored. The absorption line is detected at z = 0.44 towards the GHz-peaked spectrum radio source PKS B1740−517 and demonstrates ASKAP's excellent capability for performing a future wide-field survey for H i absorption at these redshifts. Optical spectroscopy and imaging using the Gemini-South telescope indicates that the H i gas is intrinsic to the host galaxy of the radio source. The narrow O iii emission lines show clear double-peaked structure, indicating either large-scale outflow or rotation of the ionized gas. Archival data from the XMM–Newton satellite exhibit an absorbed X-ray spectrum that is consistent with a high column density obscuring medium around the active galactic nucleus. The H i absorption profile is complex, with four distinct components ranging in width from 5 to 300 km s−1 and fractional depths from 0.2 to 20 per cent. In addition to systemic H i gas, in a circumnuclear disc or ring structure aligned with the radio jet, we find evidence for a possible broad outflow of neutral gas moving at a radial velocity of v ∼ 300 km s−1. We infer that the expanding young radio source (t
age ≈ 2500 yr) is cocooned within a dense medium and may be driving circumnuclear neutral gas in an outflow of ∼1 M⊙ yr−1.
•Co-prescribing of gabapentinoids and Z-drugs is common among patients treated for opioid dependence.•Gabapentinoid exposure was strongly associated with elevated risk of drug-related death compared ...to periods without exposure.•Z-drug exposure was moderately associated with an increased risk of drug-related death.•Co-prescribing of gabapentinoids and Z-drugs among individuals with opioid dependence requires caution and/or close monitoring.
Prescribing of gabapentinoids and Z-drug-hypnotics has increased in the population and among people receiving opioid-agonist treatment (OAT) for opioid dependence. Evidence is mixed on whether co-prescribing of sedatives such as gabapentinoids and Z-drugs during OAT increases risk of drug-related death (DRD).
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of individuals prescribed OAT between 2011 and 2020 in Scotland. Prescribing records were linked to mortality data and other healthcare datasets (sociodemographic, comorbidity). We identified episodes of treatment with gabapentinoids/Z-drugs and used multivariable quasi-Poisson regression to model associations between co-prescription and DRD risk.
Among 46,602 individuals with 304,783 person-years of follow-up, we found that co-prescription was common, with 25 % and 34 % ever being co-prescribed gabapentinoids and Z-drugs, respectively. Gabapentinoid exposure was strongly associated (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR)=2·18, 95 % CI=1·92, 2·46) and Z-drug exposure moderately associated (aHR=1·39, 95 % CI=1·15, 1·66) with elevated risk of DRD. Gabapentinoid exposure was associated with DRD risk on and off OAT; Z-drug exposure was less strongly associated with DRD risk when on OAT.
Co-prescription of gabapentinoids and Z-drugs is common among OAT patients. However, co-prescription is associated with increased risk of DRD. Alternatives to prescribing sedative medications to OAT patients and/or greater monitoring – if prescribed – are needed.
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