Background: Peripartum depression (PPD) is a prevalent, heterogeneous disorder with various underlying mechanisms and unwanted outcomes. Substantial uncertainty surrounding PPD aetiology exists. To ...comprehensively investigate PPD, research is adopting the biopsychosocial theoretical model highlighting the interplay between biological and psychosocial factors. This paper aims to provide an overview of risk factors and biopsychosocial models of PPD. Method: A literature search was conducted in databases to identify risk factors and biopsychosocial models of PPD. Results: The most robust biological and psychosocial risk factors of PPD and findings from integrative studies are outlined. Several biopsychosocial models are identified, explaining antepartum, postpartum or peripartum depression. Integrative models show promise but differ in conceptualisation and proposed aetiological pathways underlying PPD. Conclusion: Biopsychosocial principles should be applied throughout the perinatal research and healthcare provision as a necessary landmark towards guiding future theory, improving maternal mental health care and ensuring better outcomes for mothers and children.
•Peripartum Depression Scale (PDS) is a new measure for pregnancy and postpartum.•PDS covers diagnostic criteria from DSM-5-TR for major depressive disorder.•In addition, PDS includes peripartum ...depression-specific symptoms.•High reliability and validity of the new scale was demonstrated.•Analyses ensured validity in both pregnant and postpartum women subsamples.
Peripartum depression (PPD) is the most common peripartum mental health problem. However, none of the available questionnaires evaluates depressive symptoms according to the latest DSM-5-TR (APA, 2022). Peripartum Depression Scale (PDS) is a new measure of PPD developed according to DSM-5-TR full criteria and postpartum-specific symptoms described in the literature. The aim of this study was to validate a new scale to assess depression in pregnancy and postpartum.
In this online cross-sectional study, 513 pregnant women and 751 women within the 12 months postpartum completed a new PDS consisting of 43 items from Criterion A, rated on a four-point scale, and seven items on the remaining DSM-5-TR criteria. They also completed Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), and General Data Questionnaire.
Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the one-factor model had a poor fit, but the 9-factor with a second-order factor in postpartum sample and 10-factor model with a second-order factor in pregnant sample, on the same 42-item version of scale, had a good fit to the data. The reliability of McDonald's ω of .96 was very high in both pregnant and postpartum women. Convergent and known-groups validity was demonstrated; however, correlations with stress were high.
Clinical interview was not administered.
Peripartum Depression Scale is a 42-item instrument which is shown to be a valid and reliable measure to assess depression symptoms both during pregnancy and the full postpartum year according to DSM-5-TR criteria and current literature on peripartum-specific symptoms.
Dojenje je povezano s raznim zdravstvenim blagodatima za majku i dijete, stoga krovne zdravstvene organizacije preporučuju dojenje najmanje do navršenih 6 mjeseci. S obzirom na nedosljedne rezultate ...u literaturi, cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati razlike izmeðu majki koje doje i onih koje hrane djecu nadomjesnim mlijekom u nekim sociodemografskim i opstetričkim čimbenicima, percipiranom temperamentu dojenčeta, kvaliteti povezivanja majke s djetetom te mentalnom zdravlju (depresivnosti, anksioznosti, stresu). Takoðer, htjeli smo provjeriti koliko ispitivane varijable pridonose objašnjenju varijance načina prehrane dojenčeta. Majke (N = 284) dojenčadi u dobi do šest mjeseci ispunile su upitnike u online istraživanju. Korišteni su Upitnik karakteristika dojenčeta (ICQ), Edinburški upitnik poslijeporoðajne depresivnosti (EPDS), Upitnik depresije, anksioznosti i stresa (ljestvice anksioznost i stres; DASS-21), Upitnik povezivanja nakon poroðaja (PBQ) te upitnik općih podataka. Rezultati su pokazali da su majke koje doje višeg obrazovanja, izvještavale su o nižoj stopi hitnoga carskog reza te su poroðaj rjeðe procjenjivale traumatičnim. Majke koje doje svoju su dojenčad percipirale više neprilagodljivima i nepredvidivima. Nije pronaðena značajna razlika u ostalim sociodemografskim i opstetričkim karakteristikama, kvaliteti povezivanja s dojenčetom, kao ni u mentalnom zdravlju izmeðu majki koje doje i onih koje ne doje. Regresijska analiza pokazala je da dojenju značajno pridonosi više obrazovanje majke, niža stopa traumatičnoga iskustva poroðaja te neprilagodljivi temperament dojenčeta. Rezultati ukazuju na potrebu formiranja dodatne podrške dojenju kod majki koje su imale poroðaj hitnim carskim rezom ili koje su poroðaj doživjele traumatičnim. Takoðer, majke dojilje potrebno je podržati u uspostavi predvidljivije rutine hranjenja i pristupanju dojenčetu s težim temperamentom.
INTRODUCTIONPaternal peripartum depression (P-PPD) is a serious and understudied public health problem associated with impaired family functioning and child development. The lack of recognition of ...P-PPD may result in limited access to both information and professional help. OBJECTIVEThe aim of the study was to review studies on paternal peripartum depression and to identify issues and questions where future research and theory formation are needed. METHODSA literature search for systematic reviews, meta-analyses and primary studies was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Medline, PsychInfo and Informit databases. Key results within the retrieved articles were summarised and integrated to address the review objectives. RESULTSBased on the literature, the knowledge related to prevalence, screening, risk factorsunique to fathers, management strategies and outcomes of P-PPD is lacking. Currently, there is no consensual understanding of the definition of P-PPD and recommendations for dealing with P-PPD. Limited data were available regarding the barriers preventing fathers from accessing support systems. CONCLUSIONEmerging issues that need to be addressed in future research include: P-PPD definition and pathogenetic pathways; prevention strategies and assessment tools; self-help seeking and engagement with interventions; the cost-effectiveness of P-PPD management; needs of health professionals; effect on child development, and public awareness. Future studies and clinical practice should account the complexities that may arise from the father's perceptions of health care services. Results from this review highlights the critical issues on how to plan, provide and resource health services, to meet the health needs of fathers.
Peripartum depression (PPD) is a major depression disorder (MDD) episode with onset during pregnancy or within four weeks after childbirth, as defined in DSM-5. However, research suggests that PPD ...may be a distinct diagnosis. The goal of this study was to summarize the similarities and differences between PPD and MDD by synthesizing the current research on PPD diagnosis concerning different clinical features and give directions for improving diagnosis of PPD in clinical practice.
To lay the groundwork for this narrative review, several databases were searched using general search phrases on PPD and its components of clinical diagnosis.
When compared to MDD, peripartum depression exhibits several distinct characteristics. PPD manifests with a variety of symptoms, i.e., more anxiety, psychomotor symptoms, obsessive thoughts, impaired concentration, fatigue and loss of energy, but less sad mood and suicidal ideation, compared to MDD. Although PPD and MDD prevalence rates are comparable, there are greater cross-cultural variances for PPD. Additionally, PPD has some distinct risk factors and mechanisms such as distinct ovarian tissue expression, premenstrual syndrome, unintended pregnancy, and obstetric complications.
There is a need for more in-depth research comparing MDD with depression during pregnancy and the entire postpartum year. The diagnostic criteria should be modified, particularly with (i) addition of specific symptoms (i.e., anxiety), (ii) onset specifier extending to the first year following childbirth, (iii) and change the peripartum onset specifier to either “pregnancy onset” or “postpartum onset”. Diagnostic criteria for PPD are further discussed.
•Peripartum depression (PPD) is defined as a major depression disorder (MDD) episode.•PPD has some specific symptoms and risk factors in comparison to MDD.•PPD is a heterogeneous disorder with different subtypes according to the onset and severity.•Diagnostic criteria should change with time specifier until the first year postpartum.•Peripartum onset specifier should change to “pregnancy onset” or “postpartum onset”.
Objective
This study aims to systematically review all Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) with recommendations for peripartum depression in European countries.
Methods
A systematic review according ...to the PRISMA statement was conducted. CPGs focussing on peripartum depression or with at least one specific recommendation for peripartum depression from European countries were selected. Searching was conducted in electronic databases (MEDLINE and PsycINFO), and by contacting professional societies and international experts until November 24th, 2021. Characteristics of the included CPGs and their recommendations were extracted. A methodological quality assessment was conducted using the AGREE‐II tool.
Results
A total of 239 records were identified after duplicate removal. Of these, 54 were examined for full‐text inspection. The final selection yielded 14 CPGs from 11 European countries in 10 languages. Of them, 11 provided recommendations on pharmacological treatments, 10 on psychological treatment (e.g., cognitive‐behavioural therapy), 10 on screening, 8 on diagnosis, 6 on other treatments (e.g., physical exercise), 5 on prevention, and 5 other recommendations (e.g., provide information). Regarding the overall methodological quality, only five (35.7%) guidelines were rated as of adequate quality, reaching a score ≥ 70% in the overall assessment of the AGREE‐II instrument. Of the six AGREE‐II domains, applicability scored the lowest and clarity of presentation scored the highest.
Conclusion
The absence of CPGs in most European countries, the discrepancy in recommendations and the low methodological quality of the guidelines may lead to disparities and inequalities in peripartum depression management in Europe. The COST Action Riseup‐PPD highlights key considerations for future guideline developers.
Dojenje je povezano s raznim zdravstvenim blagodatima za majku i dijete, stoga krovne zdravstvene organizacije preporučuju dojenje najmanje do navršenih 6 mjeseci. S obzirom na nedosljedne rezultate ...u literaturi, cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati razlike između majki koje doje i onih koje hrane djecu nadomjesnim mlijekom u nekim sociodemografskim i opstetričkim čimbenicima, percipiranom temperamentu dojenčeta, kvaliteti povezivanja majke s djetetom te mentalnom zdravlju (depresivnosti, anksioznosti, stresu). Također, htjeli smo provjeriti koliko ispitivane varijable pridonose objašnjenju varijance načina prehrane dojenčeta. Majke (N = 284) dojenčadi u dobi do šest mjeseci ispunile su upitnike u online istraživanju. Korišteni su Upitnik karakteristika dojenčeta (ICQ), Edinburški upitnik poslijeporođajne depresivnosti (EPDS), Upitnik depresije, anksioznosti i stresa (ljestvice anksioznost i stres; DASS-21), Upitnik povezivanja nakon porođaja (PBQ) te upitnik općih podataka. Rezultati su pokazali da su majke koje doje višeg obrazovanja, izvještavale su o nižoj stopi hitnoga carskog reza te su porođaj rjeđe procjenjivale traumatičnim. Majke koje doje svoju su dojenčad percipirale više neprilagodljivima i nepredvidivima. Nije pronađena značajna razlika u ostalim sociodemografskim i opstetričkim karakteristikama, kvaliteti povezivanja s dojenčetom, kao ni u mentalnom zdravlju između majki koje doje i onih koje ne doje. Regresijska analiza pokazala je da dojenju značajno pridonosi više obrazovanje majke, niža stopa traumatičnoga iskustva porođaja te neprilagodljivi temperament dojenčeta. Rezultati ukazuju na potrebu formiranja dodatne podrške dojenju kod majki koje su imale porođaj hitnim carskim rezom ili koje su porođaj doživjele traumatičnim. Također, majke dojilje potrebno je podržati u uspostavi predvidljivije rutine hranjenja i pristupanju dojenčetu s težim temperamentom.
Breastfeeding is associated with numerous health benefits for the mother and the child. Therefore, global health organizations recommend exclusive breastfeeding for at least the first six months of an infant’s life. Considering the inconsistent results within the literature, this study aimed to examine the differences between breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding mothers in sociodemographic and obstetric factors, perceived infant temperament, quality of mother-infant bonding and maternal mental health (depression, anxiety, stress). We also wanted to explore how much these variables contribute to the variance of the infant feeding method. The online study involved 284 mothers of infants up to the age of six months. The following questionnaires were used: Infant Characteristics Questionnaire (ICQ); Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS); Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21; Anxiety and Stress subscales); Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), and the general data questionnaire. The results showed that breastfeeding mothers had higher education, had less frequently emergency caesarean sections, and evaluated their childbirth as a traumatic experience less often. Also, breastfeeding mothers reported significantly more unadaptable and unpredictable temperament of their infants. However, there was no significant difference between breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding mothers in other sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, bonding or mental health. Higher education, non-traumatic childbirth and more unadaptable infant temperament contribute to explaining breastfeeding. The findings suggest the need for breastfeeding support for mothers who had an emergency caesarean section or a traumatic birth experience. Moreover, breastfeeding mothers need adequate help establishing a more predictable feeding routine and the optimal approach to the infant with a difficult temperament.
Dojenje je povezano s raznim zdravstvenim blagodatima za majku i dijete, stoga krovne zdravstvene organizacije preporučuju dojenje najmanje do navršenih 6 mjeseci. S obzirom na nedosljedne rezultate ...u literaturi, cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati razlike između majki koje doje i onih koje hrane djecu nadomjesnim mlijekom u nekim sociodemografskim i opstetričkim čimbenicima, percipiranom temperamentu dojenčeta, kvaliteti povezivanja majke s djetetom te mentalnom zdravlju (depresivnosti, anksioznosti, stresu). Također, htjeli smo provjeriti koliko ispitivane varijable pridonose objašnjenju varijance načina prehrane dojenčeta. Majke (N = 284) dojenčadi u dobi do šest mjeseci ispunile su upitnike u online istraživanju. Korišteni su Upitnik karakteristika dojenčeta (ICQ), Edinburški upitnik poslijeporođajne depresivnosti (EPDS), Upitnik depresije, anksioznosti i stresa (ljestvice anksioznost i stres; DASS-21), Upitnik povezivanja nakon porođaja (PBQ) te upitnik općih podataka. Rezultati su pokazali da su majke koje doje višeg obrazovanja, izvještavale su o nižoj stopi hitnoga carskog reza te su porođaj rjeđe procjenjivale traumatičnim. Majke koje doje svoju su dojenčad percipirale više neprilagodljivima i nepredvidivima. Nije pronađena značajna razlika u ostalim sociodemografskim i opstetričkim karakteristikama, kvaliteti povezivanja s dojenčetom, kao ni u mentalnom zdravlju između majki koje doje i onih koje ne doje. Regresijska analiza pokazala je da dojenju značajno pridonosi više obrazovanje majke, niža stopa traumatičnoga iskustva porođaja te neprilagodljivi temperament dojenčeta. Rezultati ukazuju na potrebu formiranja dodatne podrške dojenju kod majki koje su imale porođaj hitnim carskim rezom ili koje su porođaj doživjele traumatičnim. Također, majke dojilje potrebno je podržati u uspostavi predvidljivije rutine hranjenja i pristupanju dojenčetu s težim temperamentom.
Chamomile (
L.) dried flowers contain a group of interesting biologically active compounds such as sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, coumarins, vitamins, phenolic acids and glucosides. Therefore, the aim ...of the present study was to characterize the composition in bioactive compounds (specialized metabolites) present in water and ethanol extracts of chamomile flowers, together with monitoring the impact of different extraction techniques (conventional vs. ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)) on the parameters under investigation. UAE treatment significantly decreased the extraction time of bioactive compounds from herbal material. Polyphenolic compounds content and antioxidant capacity were significantly higher in UAE extracts. Moreover, solvent type had a significant impact on the specialized metabolites content, while the highest vitamin C and polyphenols content were recorded in 50% ethanol (
/
) extracts. Optimization of basic extraction factors: solvent type, temperature and technique is crucial for obtaining the extracts with the highest content of specialized metabolites and antioxidant capacity.
This study aimed to investigate the performance of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) as a green approach for the recovery of polyphenols and pigments from wild nettle leaves (NL). ASE was operated ...at different temperatures (20, 50, 80 and 110 °C), static times (5 and 10 min) and cycle numbers (1–4) using ethanol (96%) as an extraction solvent. In order to compare the efficiency of ASE, ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) at 80 °C for 30 min was performed as a referent. Polyphenol and pigment analyses were carried out by HPLC and antioxidant capacity was assessed by ORAC. Seven polyphenols from subclasses of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids, along with chlorophylls a and b and their derivatives and six carotenoids and their derivatives were identified and quantified. Chlorogenic acid was the most abundant polyphenol and chlorophyll a represented the dominant pigment. ASE conditions at 110 °C/10 min/3 or 4 cycles proved to be the optimal for achieving the highest yields of analyzed compounds. In comparison with UAE, ASE showed better performance in terms of yields and antioxidants recovery, hence delivering extract with 60% higher antioxidant capacity. Finally, the potential of NL as a functional ingredient from natural sources can be successfully accessed by ASE.
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