Negated text is a difficult text construction that readers encounter in various forms throughout their lives. Despite a wealth of research on its impact, including potential strategies to improve ...comprehension, readers maintain poor comprehension when encountering this text construction. Given its large potential impact on reading texts like medical paperwork or insurance documents, it is important to understand not only what makes the construction difficult but also what can help a reader better process the information communicated in this way. The present research explored the impact of rereading on older adults' comprehension and metacomprehension of negated text. Results demonstrated that while rereading was beneficial for older adults' comprehension overall, this benefit was not specific to negated text. Moreover, metacomprehension data demonstrated that both young and older readers are aware of the difficulty they have in understanding negated text, but corresponding comprehension remains low. Results suggest that an additional reading of a passage containing negated text helped to mitigate the comprehension deficits associated with text that has been negated. This demonstrates that the comprehension accuracy can be improved for negated text under these circumstances. Future research should explore what specific factors associated with re-reading helps to improve comprehension accuracy.
Purpose
Exercise training is an effective and safe way to counteract cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and to improve health-related quality of life (HRQoL). High-intensity interval training has proven ...beneficial for the health of clinical populations. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to compare the effects of resistance and high-intensity interval training (RT–HIIT), and moderate-intensity aerobic and high-intensity interval training (AT–HIIT) to usual care (UC) in women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. The primary endpoint was CRF and the secondary endpoints were HRQoL and cancer treatment-related symptoms.
Methods
Two hundred and forty women planned to undergo chemotherapy were randomized to supervised RT–HIIT, AT–HIIT, or UC. Measurements were performed at baseline and at 16 weeks. Questionnaires included Piper Fatigue Scale, EORTC-QLQ-C30, and Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale.
Results
The RT–HIIT group was superior to UC for CRF: total CRF (
p
= 0.02), behavior/daily life (
p
= 0.01), and sensory/physical (
p
= 0.03) CRF. Role functioning significantly improved while cognitive functioning was unchanged for RT–HIIT compared to declines shown in the UC group (
p
= 0.04). AT–HIIT significantly improved emotional functioning versus UC (
p
= 0.01) and was superior to UC for pain symptoms (
p
= 0.03). RT–HIIT reported a reduced symptom burden, while AT–HIIT remained stable compared to deteriorations shown by UC (
p
< 0.01). Only RT–HIIT was superior to UC for total symptoms (
p
< 0.01).
Conclusions
16 weeks of resistance and HIIT was effective in preventing increases in CRF and in reducing symptom burden for patients during chemotherapy for breast cancer. These findings add to a growing body of evidence supporting the inclusion of structured exercise prescriptions, including HIIT, as a vital component of cancer rehabilitation.
Trial registration
Clinicaltrials.gov Registration Number: NCT02522260.
Background/Study context: Previous research has demonstrated that negated text is universally difficult to understand, and while readers are aware of the difficulty, they are not always able to ...direct this awareness to improve their comprehension of negation. The present research aimed to determine whether this holds true for older adults, even while maintaining good cognitive function through reading activity. Methods: The study used an online paradigm, where young (age range 19-24) and older (age range 60-87) adults read passages, rated their comprehension, and answered questions about what they read. Data analysis included analysis of variance for comprehension accuracy and metacomprehension judgment as well as gamma correlation analysis for the relationship between these two variables to determine accuracy of metacomprehension judgments. Result:. Older readers, who took part in library activities and book discussion groups, had better comprehension than young adults overall and were also better able to judge their own comprehension of negative text. Conclusion: These results suggested that remaining cognitively active may help older adults not only maintain their ability to understand text but may also enhance their ability to assess their own comprehension of that text. In addition, these readers were likely able to use their experience with reading to compensate for any working memory deficits that may occur with age and which may detrimentally affect their ability to understand complex text constructions, such as negation.
Previous research has demonstrated that negated text (i.e., text that contains words such as no, not, or never) presents considerable challenges to accurate reading comprehension. Furthermore, while ...metacomprehension judgements have indicated an awareness of this challenge on the readers' part, this insight has not translated into improvements in comprehension of this type of text. Previous research in reading has also demonstrated that emotional text, as compared to non-affective text, enhances attention to the text, resulting in accurate comprehension. The present study aimed to determine whether this strategy would impact negated text similarly. Results confirmed that negated text detrimentally impacted reading comprehension accuracy, and that overall, emotional text positively impacted comprehension accuracy. However, metacomprehension ratings suggested that while readers were aware of the increased difficulty presented by negated text, and also believed that emotion would help comprehension. Unfortunately, negation comprehension was not impacted by the affective nature of the text. These results indicate that negated text is sufficiently difficult to not benefit from the presence of emotion, and further investigation into improving comprehension of negated text is needed.
The present research explored the awareness that readers have of the difficulty of negative text and aimed to determine whether rereading could impact comprehension and metacomprehension. ...Participants read passages that sometimes contained negative words such as ‘no’ and ‘not’, rated their comprehension, and answered a comprehension question about the passage. Half of the passages were read twice and rated again before the participant was prompted to answer a comprehension question. Results showed that passages that were read twice were rated as easier to understand, and questions that corresponded with those passages were answered with higher accuracy as well. However, these improvements were not exclusive to negated passages. And, while participants were aware that the negative passages were harder to comprehend, this understanding did not aid in heightened comprehension of the negative text. Rereading was demonstrated to be a helpful strategy overall but was not sufficient to specifically help with negation.
Most breast cancer heritability is unexplained. We hypothesized that analysis of unrelated familial cases in a GWAS context could enable the identification of novel susceptibility loci. In order to ...examine the association of a haplotype with breast cancer risk, we performed a genome-wide haplotype association study using a sliding window analysis of window sizes 1-25 SNPs in 650 familial invasive breast cancer cases and 5021 controls. We identified five novel risk loci on 9p24.3 (OR 3.4;
4.9 × 10
), 11q22.3 (OR 2.4;
5.2 × 10
), 15q11.2 (OR 3.6;
2.3 × 10
), 16q24.1 (OR 3;
3 × 10
) and Xq21.31 (OR 3.3;
1.7 × 10
) and confirmed three well-known loci on 10q25.13, 11q13.3, and 16q12.1. In total, 1593 significant risk haplotypes and 39 risk SNPs were distributed on the eight loci. In comparison with unselected breast cancer cases from a previous study, the OR was increased in the familial analysis in all eight loci. Analyzing familial cancer cases and controls enabled the identification of novel breast cancer susceptibility loci.
ABSTRACT
The present research aimed to determine the circumstances under which comprehension between paper and e‐readers is comparable and what role working memory plays in successful comprehension ...of text presented in these formats. Narrative and expository texts were presented in electronic and paper formats to determine whether readers glean different information for these text types via different presentation formats. Results indicated that comprehension for paper and electronic formats may not be equivalent. Although comprehension of thematic information presented via e‐reader was better than when reading for detail (as in expository passages), it did not lead to comprehension as successfully as printed text. In addition, removing working memory led to the disappearance of the effects of presentation method and the type of questions, suggesting that it was important for individual differences in use of the e‐reader device. Implications for the appropriate use of e‐readers are discussed.
The present research aimed to examine young and older adults' comprehension of negated text to determine the locus of older adults' difficulty in understanding this text construction. Participants ...were asked to read short passages at their own pace, complete a lexical decision task, and answer a comprehension question about what they had read. Older adults' comprehension accuracy was lower than that of young adults for passages containing transformational negation. This suggests that limited working memory resources led to older adults' difficulty with negation, not a difficulty with inhibition, as what would have been suggested with difficulties with deactivation negation.
Molecular signatures to guide decisions for adjuvant chemotherapy are recommended in early ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. The objective of this study was to assess what impact ...gene-expression-based risk testing has had following its recommendation by Swedish national guidelines. Postmenopausal women with ER-positive, HER2-negative and node negative breast cancer at intermediate clinical risk and eligible for chemotherapy were identified retrospectively from five Swedish hospitals. Tumor characteristics, results from Prosigna
test and final treatment decision were available for all patients. Treatment recommendations were compared with the last version of regional guidelines before the introduction of routine risk signature testing. Among the 360 included patients, 41% (
= 148) had a change in decision for adjuvant treatment based on Prosigna
test result. Out of the patients with clinical indication for adjuvant chemotherapy, 52% (
= 118) could avoid treatment based on results from Prosigna
test. On the contrary, 23% (
= 30) of the patients with no indication were escalated to receive adjuvant chemotherapy after testing. Ki67 could not distinguish between the Prosigna
risk groups or intrinsic subtypes and did not significantly differ between patients in which decision for adjuvant therapy was changed based on the test results. In conclusion, we report the first real-world data from implementation of gene-expression-based risk assessment in a Swedish context, which may facilitate the optimization of future versions of the national guidelines.
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