Nm23 is a gene family encoding different isoforms of the nucleotide diphosphate kinase (NDPK), an enzyme involved in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates.
In the present study, the organization ...and expression of the
nm23-M1 gene encoding the mouse NDPKA isoform are described. This gene is about 10
kb long and composed of five exons. The organization and the exon–intron boundaries are strictly conserved as compared to the human and rat related genes. The gene promoter region did not exhibit any consensus TATA box, SP1 binding element or Inr sequence. By contrast, TCF-1/LEF-1 binding elements and Pit-1 consensus sequence were present.
Northern blotting and in situ hybridization methods were carried out in adult and 18.5
days post-coitum (dpc) mouse embryo, respectively. They showed tissue-specific expression of
nm23-M1 transcripts, despite housekeeping gene promoter features. The strongest signals were detected in the nervous system, sensory organs and embryonic thymus. In contrast
nm23-M2 mRNA was shown to be more widely expressed.
The relationship between
nm23-M1 gene tissue-specific expression and the putative binding element of the promoter region is discussed.
This paper describes the analysis, by a highly sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay (EIA), of AcSDKP, a tetrapeptide recently isolated from fetal calf bone marrow and subsequently purified and ...identified which substantially inhibits entry into cycle of hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells (CFU-S). This molecule has a marked protective effect in mice during anticancer chemotherapy with phase-specific drugs and plays an essential role in maintaining CFU-S out of cycle in normal mice. Using acetylcholinesterase-AcSDKP conjugate as tracer, rabbit specific antiserum and 96-well microtiter plates coated with a mouse monoclonal anti-rabbit IgG antibody, this EIA allows detection of AcSDKP at 15 fmol levels with a coefficient of variation less than 10% in the 50-500 fmol range. When combined with high-performance liquid chromatography, this assay clearly reveals the presence of this peptide in normal human white blood cells whereas in supernatant from cultured lymphocytes and in plasma the immunoreactive material is distinct from standard AcSDKP.
In 1969, Robert E. Gregg collected five species of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three Subarctic localities near the town of Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, which he documented in a 1972 publication ...in The Canadian Entomologist. To determine whether there have been any additions to the local fauna – as might be predicted to occur in response to a warming climate and increased traffic to the Port of Churchill in the intervening 40 years – we re-collected ants from the same localities in 2012. We identified the ants we collected from Gregg’s sampling sites using both traditional morphological preparations and DNA barcoding. In addition, we examined specimens from Gregg’s initial collection that are accessioned at the Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago, Illinois, United States of America). Using this integrative approach we report seven species present at the same sites Gregg sampled 40 years earlier. We conclude that the apparent increase is likely not due to any arrivals from more southerly distributed ants, but to the increased resolution provided by DNA barcodes to resident species complexes with a complicated history. We provide a brief synopsis of these results and their taxonomic context.
Le droit de punir Allinne, Jean-Pierre; Ambroise-Rendu, Anne-Claude; Boer, Edwige de ...
2012
Book
Open access
En 1930, quelques années après avoir publié ses Souvenirs de la Cour d'assises, André Gide suggérait que la punition devrait tenir compte de la personnalité des criminels. Comment punir quelqu'un que ...l'on ne connaît pas ?, se demandait-t-il, ajoutant qu'« il est, sur la carte de l'âme humaine, bien des régions inexplorées ». Régulièrement, avec plus ou moins d'intensité, le droit de punir a été et reste l'objet de réflexions, de controverses, de propositions de loi, de demandes de réformes. Les débats sont tantôt vifs et profonds et semblent concerner le plus grand nombre, tantôt ils s'appauvrissent et restent réservés aux « spécialistes » qui dans des manuels ou des ouvrages d'histoire du droit pénal présentent ce dernier comme le droit de réprimer ou de sanctionner les auteurs d'infractions. Mais quel sens faut-il donner à la peine si elle n'est pas accompagnée d'autres mesures ? Est-elle une sorte d'horizon d'attente, une fiction des sociétés contemporaines qu'il faut bien entretenir ? Ne faut-il pas « remettre à plat » la justice pénale et se demander si après avoir puni il est possible de guérir ou de rendre un citoyen à la société ? La « pénalité » doit conserver son utilité écrivent les uns et les autres. Mais faut-il punir le crime ou plutôt les criminels ? Faut-il punir de la même manière les enfants, les fous et les récidivistes ? Que doit-on faire à l'époque de l'Empire français dans les colonies ? Ne conviendrait-il pas de se demander à nouveau pourquoi punir ? et de réfléchir à l'efficacité de la justice répressive ? La justice d'expiation et la « rédemption du coupable » ne suffisent pas, la peine est devenue aussi un enjeu symbolique et un moyen de communication, voire une « arme pénale ». Deux siècles après le Code pénal de 1810, une réflexion sur l'histoire du droit de punir et son actualité s'imposait, mais il fallait multiplier les approches disciplinaires, car le droit de punir ne relève pas seulement de considérations abstraites ou de joutes philosophiques. La pragmatique de la punition mérite aussi d'être examinée. Trois entrées ont donc été retenues (le droit de punir en question, connaître et pardonner, sanctionner les déviants) à partir du siècle des Lumières jusqu'à nos jours. Nul doute que l'histoire de la « punissabilité » permet de penser et de comprendre les sociétés du passé comme celle d'aujourd'hui.
To evaluate bone mineral density (BMD), fractures, and vitamin D deficiency in pediatric patients in complete remission of solid tumor; and to identify risk factors for these three abnormalities.
...Data were collected prospectively after completion of cancer treatment. Hormonal and vitamin D deficiencies were treated. The patients were evaluated again 1 year later.
52 consecutive patients, 30 boys and 22 girls. Among them, 21 completed the second evaluation.
A clinical examination, nutritional assessment, and laboratory workup were performed. BMD was measured by absorptiometry.
Calcium intake was inadequate in 75% of patients and vitamin D reserves were low in 61.5%. BMD was low at the spine in 32.7%, and at the femur in 24% of patients. Spinal and femoral BMD Z-scores correlated significantly with each other. Femoral BMD Z-score showed significant positive correlations with changes in body mass index, urinary calcium/creatinine ratio, and time since treatment completion, and a significant negative correlation with treatment duration. Fractures were noted in 10 patients but were not correlated with BMD. In the 21 re-evaluated patients, no significant improvements were found in calcium intake, vitamin D status, or BMD Z-score.
Survivors of childhood solid cancer have high rates of insufficient calcium intake, vitamin D deficiency, low bone mass and fractures.
The objective of this study is to determine temporal trends in unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among men who have sex with other men (MSM) participating in the Omega Cohort Study, 1997-2003.
The ...Omega Cohort Study was a longitudinal study of HIV-negative MSM aged 16 years or older and living in Montreal. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires and interviews every 6 months. Trend analysis using the generalized estimating equation was done for length of cohort membership (visits) and by calendar time for all visits, per type of sexual partner. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to measure the odds of increasing UAI per 6-month period.
Among subjects who were followed for at least 4 years, UAI increased with regular seroconcordant partners (OR, 1.06, 95% CI 1.04-1.09), and any type of partner (OR, 1.05, 95% CI 1.03- 1.07). There was a nonnegligible increase in UAI with casual partners (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.09). For the analysis by calendar time, there were increases in UAI between with regular seroconcordant partners (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.05) and any type of partner (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02-1.04). There were nonnegligible increases in UAI with casual partners (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.05) and with any type of partner except regular seroconcordant partner from 15.7% to 18.8% (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00-1.04).
There was a nonnegligible and consistent increase in UAI among Omega participants, between 1997 and 2003. Continuous trend analysis is important because it allows us to closely follow UAI and to implement intervention strategies that may help to stop or reduce the present trend.
To determine temporal trends in unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among men who have sex with men (MSM) participating in the Omega Cohort Study, 1997 through 2003.
The Omega Cohort Study was a ...longitudinal study of HIV-negative MSM aged 16 years or older and living in Montreal. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires and interviews every 6 months. Trend analysis using the generalized estimating equation was done for length of cohort membership (visits) and by calendar time for all visits per type of sexual partner. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to measure the odds of increasing UAI per 6-month period.
Among subjects who were followed for at least 4 years, UAI increased with regular seroconcordant partners (OR = 1.06, 95% confidence interval CI: 1.04 to 1.09) and any type of partner (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.07). There was a nonnegligible increase in UAI with casual partners (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.09). For the analysis by calendar time, there were increases in UAI between regular seroconcordant partners (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.05) and any type of partner (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.04). There were nonnegligible increases in UAI with casual partners (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.05) and with any type of partner except a regular seroconcordant partner from 15.7% to 18.8% (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.04).
There was a nonnegligible and consistent increase in UAI among Omega Cohort Study participants between 1997 and 2003. Continuous trend analysis is important because it allows us to follow UAI closely and to implement intervention strategies that may help to stop or reduce the present trend.
The mannose receptor mediates the internalization of a wide range of molecules or microorganisms in a pattern recognition manner. Therefore, it represents an attractive entry for specific drug, gene, ...or antigen delivery to macrophages and dendritic cells. In an attempt to design novel effective synthetic mannose receptor ligands, quinic and shikimic acid were selected as putative mannose mimics on the basis of X‐ray crystallographic data from the related rat mannose‐binding lectin. As the mannose receptor preferentially binds to molecules displaying several sugar residues, fluorescein‐labeled cluster quinic and shikimic acid derivatives with valencies of two to eight were synthesized. Their mannose receptor mediated uptake was assayed on monocyte‐derived human dendritic cells by cytofluorimetric analysis. Mannose‐receptor specificity was further assessed by competitive inhibition assays with mannan, by confocal microscopy analysis, and by expression of the mannose receptor in transfected Cos‐1 cells. Constructs derived from both quinic and shikimic acid were efficiently recognized by the mannose receptor with an optimum affinity for the molecules with a valency of four. As a result, commercially available quinic and shikimic acids appear as stable mannose bioisosteres, which should prove valuable tools for specific cell delivery.
Clustered derivatives of quinic and shikimic acid attached to a lysinyl core (see schematic representation) appear as efficient mannose receptor ligands, as demonstrated by cytofluorimetric analysis using human dendritic cells. This has been further confirmed by competitive inhibition assays, confocal microscopy, and transfection experiments. Thus, simple, commercially available polyhydroxylated carbocycles can be considered as carbohydrate mimics and used in lectin‐mediated targeting of drugs to cells.
Face à la pression démographique et foncière dans les pays en développement, la productivité des terres connaît actuellement une forte baisse dans de nombreuses régions tropicales. Par ailleurs, la ...succession rapprochée des tempêtes cycloniques entraîne l'appauvrissement extrême de certaines populations du fait de la dégradation des terres et des inondations des plaines où se développent les principales agglomérations. Telles sont les problématiques étudiées par l'IRD et le réseau Érosion de l'AUF dont ce CD présente les derniers travaux. Initialement réunies dans la perspective d'un colloque à Haïti (annulé suite au séisme de 2010), les contributions publiées ici portent sur des études de cas à Haïti, mais aussi à Madagascar, au Maghreb ou au Vietnam, soit au total une soixantaine de communications et une série de documents récents issus des réflexions des experts. Structuré en six thèmes, ce CD constitue ainsi une source bibliographique précieuse pour les décideurs, les experts, les ONG, les acteurs de la société civile et les chercheurs concernés par la gestion durable de l'eau et la restauration de la productivité des sols (GCES).
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