The objective of this article is to analyze how different languages in the series Unorthodox convey information on characters’ identities, and whether, at the same time, the choice of language ...produces different effects on the film narrative itself. Since we are dealing with audiovisual products, in any full account of the story, the image must be considered as an essential factor affecting the audiences’ interpretation of the show. The article analyzes how multilingualism is rendered in its Spanish version and shows that different translation solutions may change how each character’s identity is perceived. We found that the main four languages of the series (English, Yiddish, German, and Hebrew) are used to convey different personal and social identities to each character. Besides, linguistic choices between Yiddish and English show the evolution of the main character towards freedom. Although multilingualism is hardly present in the visual channel, cultural references conveyed through images help the viewer to follow key shifts in the story.
The objective of this article is to analyze how different languages in the series Unorthodox convey information on characters’ identities, and whether, at the same time, the choice of language ...produces different effects on the film narrative itself. Since we are dealing with audiovisual products, in any full account of the story, the image must be considered as an essential factor affecting the audiences’ interpretation of the show. The article analyzes how multilingualism is rendered in its Spanish version and shows that different translation solutions may change how each character’s identity is perceived. We found that the main four languages of the series (English, Yiddish, German, and Hebrew) are used to convey different personal and social identities to each character. Besides, linguistic choices between Yiddish and English show the evolution of the main character towards freedom. Although multilingualism is hardly present in the visual channel, cultural references conveyed through images help the viewer to follow key shifts in the story.
This paper illustrates some teachers’ perspectives, beliefs and experiences as to distance learning before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. A specifically designed online survey was administered to ...a hundred primary-school EFL teachers in some regions of Italy, Romania, and Spain in May/July 2020, and a comparative analysis of the responses was conducted to examine how teachers bore the brunt of the pandemic in areas that were severely affected by it. Results suggest that educators were somehow prepared to face distance learning in terms of resources and materials. During the lockdown they used synchronous video-conferencing tools and online games more extensively. Although they struggled to monitor children’s progress and to maintain motivation throughout the school closures, educators seem ready to implement these tools and strategies in future blended teaching. However, educators admit to lack specific training aimed at learning how to implement EFL online teaching, and they are concerned about its efficacy with young learners.
Aquesta tesi doctoral parteix de la premissa que El senyor dels anells s’ha convertit en una narrativa transmèdia, en què el relat es desplega a través de diferents mitjans.
Des d’aquest enfocament, ...es desenvolupa un estudi descriptiu i interdisciplinari en què s’analitza la manera com el doblatge contribueix a la representació dels personatges Frodo, Gandalf i Aragorn en pel·lícules i videojocs basats en la història de J.R.R. Tolkien.
A partir d’una selecció de fragments audiovisuals rellevants de cadascun dels tres personatges procedents de tres pel·lícules, dos videojocs i un curtmetratge, i tenint en compte que en els textos audiovisuals els continguts es transmeten simultàniament pels canals acústic i visual, l’anàlisi es focalitza en la presència i incidència de codis de significació dels canals acústic i visual en el doblatge per descriure el paper d’aquesta modalitat de traducció en la representació dels personatges en la combinació lingüística anglès-espanyol.
This doctoral thesis stems from the premise that The Lord of the Rings has evolved into a transmedia project, a brand-new storytelling means in which stories unfold across different media.
From this point of view, a descriptive and interdisciplinary study was developed to analyse the incidence of dubbing in the representation of the characters Frodo, Gandalf and Aragorn in films and videogames based on J.R.R. Tolkien’s works.
Bearing in mind the fact that contents in audiovisual texts are simultaneously transferred through the acoustic and visual channels, the analysis focused on the incidence of the signifying codes from the audio and visual channels on dubbing in a corpus selection of audiovisual fragments, relevant to each of the three characters and extracted from three films, two videogames and one short film. Thus, the thesis intends to describe the role of dubbing in the representation of characters in the English-Spanish combination.
Esta tesis doctoral parte de la premisa que El señor de los anillos se ha convertido en una narrativa transmedia, en la que el relato se desarrolla a través de diferentes medios.
Desde este enfoque, se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo e interdisciplinario que observa y analiza la forma en que el doblaje contribuye a la representación de los personajes Frodo, Gandalf y Aragorn en películas y videojuegos basados en la historia de J.R.R. Tolkien.
A partir de una selección de fragmentos audiovisuales relevantes de cada uno de los tres personajes procedentes de tres películas, dos videojuegos y un cortometraje, y teniendo en cuenta que en los textos audiovisuales los contenidos se transmiten simultáneamente por los canales acústico y visual, el análisis se focaliza en la presencia e incidencia de códigos de significación de los canales acústico y visual en el doblaje para describir el papel de esta modalidad de traducción en la representación de los personajes en la combinación lingüística inglés-español.
•Invasive devices, antibiotics and ICU stay predispose to acquire an Enterobacter bacteremia.•Enterobacter bacteremia increased mortality in patients with comorbidities or a severe infection.•The ...outcome was not affected by antibiotic resistances of the isolates or the antibiotic therapy.
Enterobacter is among the main etiologies of hospital-acquired infections. This study aims to identify the risk factors of acquisition and attributable mortality of Enterobacter bacteremia.
Observational, case-control study for risk factors and prospective cohort for outcomes of consecutive cases with Enterobacter bacteremia. This study was conducted in five hospitals in Spain over a three-year period. Matched controls were patients with negative blood cultures and same sex, age, and hospitalization area.
The study included 285 cases and 570 controls. E. cloacae was isolated in 198(68.8%) cases and E. aerogenes in 89(31.2%). Invasive procedures (hemodialysis, nasogastric tube, mechanical ventilation, surgical drainage tube) and previous antibiotics or corticosteroids were independently associated with Enterobacter bacteremia. Its attributable mortality was 7.8%(CI95%2.7–13.4%), being dissimilar according to a McCabe index: non-fatal=3.2%, ultimately fatal=12.9% and rapidly fatal=0.12%. Enterobacter bacteremia remained an independent risk factor for mortality among cases with severe sepsis or septic shock (OR 5.75 CI95%2.57–12.87, p<0.001), with an attributable mortality of 40.3%(CI95%25.7–53.3). Empiric therapy or antibiotic resistances were not related to the outcome among patients with bacteremia.
Invasive procedures, previous antibiotics and corticosteroids predispose to acquire Enterobacter bacteremia. This entity increases mortality among fragile patients and those with severe infections. Antibiotic resistances did not affect the outcome.
Background. There is an urgent need for alternative rescue therapies in invasive infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We assessed the clinical efficacy and safety ...of the combination of fosfomycin and imipenem as rescue therapy for MRSA infective endocarditis and complicated bacteremia. Methods. The trial was conducted between 2001 and 2010 in 3 Spanish hospitals. Adult patients with complicated MRSA bacteremia or endocarditis requiring rescue therapy were eligible for the study. Treatment with fosfomycin (2 g/6 hours IV) plus imipenem (1 g/6 hours IV) was started and monitored. The primary efficacy endpoints were percentage of sterile blood cultures at 72 hours and clinical success rate assessed at the test-of-cure visit (45 days after the end of therapy). Results. The combination was administered in 12 patients with endocarditis, 2 with vascular graft infection, and 2 with complicated bacteremia. Therapy had previously failed with vancomycin in 9 patients, daptomycin in 2, and sequential antibiotics in 5. Blood cultures were negative 72 hours after the first dose of the combination in all cases. The success rate was 69%, and only 1 of 5 deaths was related to the MRSA infection. Although the combination was safe in most patients (94%), a patient with liver cirrhosis died of multiorgan failure secondary to sodium overload. There were no episodes of breakthrough bacteremia or relapse. Conclusions. Fosfomycin plus imipenem was an effective and safe combination when used as rescue therapy for complicated MRSA bloodstream infections and deserves further clinical evaluation as initial therapy in these infections.
Linezolid is an effective antimicrobial agent to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Resistance to linezolid due to the cfr gene is described worldwide. The present study aimed ...to analyze the prevalence of the cfr-mediated linezolid resistance among MRSA clinical isolates in our area. A very low prevalence of cfr mediated linezolid resistance was found: only one bacteremic isolate out of 2 215 screened isolates. The only linezolid resistant isolate arose in a patient, previously colonized by MRSA, following linezolid therapy. Despite the low rate of resistance in our area, ongoing surveillance is advisable to avoid the spread of linezolid resistance.
Studies of recent hospital outbreaks caused by multiresistant P.aeruginosa (MRPA) have often failed to identify a specific environmental reservoir. We describe an outbreak due to a single clone of ...multiresistant (MR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and evaluate the effectiveness of the surveillance procedures and control measures applied.
Patients with MRPA isolates were prospectively identified (January 2006-May 2008). A combined surveillance procedure (environmental survey, and active surveillance program in intensive care units ICUs) and an infection control strategy (closure of ICU and urology wards for decontamination, strict compliance with cross-transmission prevention protocols, and a program restricting the use of carbapenems in the ICUs) was designed and implemented.
Three hundred and ninety patients were identified. ICU patients were the most numerous group (22%) followed by urology patients (18%). Environmental surveillance found that 3/19 (16%) non-ICU environmental samples and 4/63 (6%) ICU samples were positive for the MRPA clonal strain. In addition, active surveillance found that 19% of patients were fecal carriers of MRPA. Significant changes in the trends of incidence rates were noted after intervention 1 (reinforcement of cleaning procedures): -1.16 cases/1,000 patient-days (95%CI -1.86 to -0.46; p = 0.003) and intervention 2 (extensive decontamination): -1.36 cases/1,000 patient-days (95%CI -1.88 to -0.84; p < 0.001) in urology wards. In addition, restricted use of carbapenems was initiated in ICUs (January 2007), and their administration decreased from 190-170 DDD/1,000 patient-days (October-December 2006) to 40-60 DDD/1,000 patient-days (January-April 2007), with a reduction from 3.1 cases/1,000 patient-days in December 2006 to 2.0 cases/1,000 patient-days in May 2007. The level of initial carbapenem use rose again during 2008, and the incidence of MRPA increased progressively once more.
In the setting of sustained MRPA outbreaks, epidemiological findings suggest that patients may be a reservoir for further environmental contamination and cross-transmission. Although our control program was not successful in ending the outbreak, we think that our experience provides useful guidance for future approaches to this problem.
Treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB) infection presents a challenge because of the scarcity of available options. Even though combination therapy (CT) is frequently used ...in clinical practice, data are needed to support its use instead of monotherapy (MT).
A prospective observational study was conducted in 28 Spanish hospitals. Patients with sepsis caused by MDRAB, defined according to strict criteria, and who received active antibiotic treatment (according to in vitro susceptibility testing) for at least 48 h, were included. The main outcome variable was all-cause 30 day mortality after initiation of targeted therapy. Multivariate analysis, including a propensity score (for receiving CT), was performed by Cox regression.
One hundred and one patients were included in the analysis; 68 (67.3%) received MT and 33 (32.7%) received CT. Pneumonia was the most common infection (50.5%), 68.6% of cases being associated with mechanical ventilation. Colistin (67.6%) and carbapenems (14.7%) were the most common drugs used in MT; colistin plus tigecycline (27.3%) and carbapenem plus tigecycline (12.1%) were the most frequent combinations. Crude 30 day mortality was 23.5% and 24.2% for the MT and CT groups, respectively (RR = 1.03; 95% CI 0.49-2.16; P = 0.94). Multivariate analysis of 30 day survival showed no trend towards reduced 30 day mortality with CT (HR = 1.35; 95% CI 0.53-3.44; P = 0.53). Subgroup analysis showed similar results.
Our data do not support an association of CT with reduced mortality in MDRAB infections. More data for specific types of infection and combinations are needed.
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