The negative effects of traditional bullying and, recently, cyberbullying on victims are well-documented, and abundant empirical evidence for it exists. Cybervictimization affects areas such as ...academic performance, social integration and self-esteem, and causes emotions ranging from anger and sadness to more complex problems such as depression. However, not all victims are equally affected, and the differences seem to be due to certain situational and personal characteristics. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between perceived emotional intelligence (PEI) and the emotional impact of cybervictimization. We hypothesize that EI, which has previously been found to play a role in traditional bullying and cyberbullying, may also affect the emotional impact of cyberbullying. The participants in our study were 636 university students from two universities in the south of Spain. Three self-report questionnaires were used: the "European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire," the "Cyberbullying Emotional Impact Scale"; and "Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24." Structural Equation Models were used to test the relationships between the analyzed variables. The results support the idea that PEI, by way of a moderator effect, affects the relationship between cybervictimization and emotional impact. Taken together, cybervictimization and PEI explain much of the variance observed in the emotional impact in general and in the negative dimensions of that impact in particular. Attention and Repair were found to be inversely related to Annoyance and Dejection, and positively related to Invigoration. Clarity has the opposite pattern; a positive relationship with Annoyance and Dejection and an inverse relationship with Invigoration. Various hypothetical explanations of these patterns are discussed.
Cyberbullying is a phenomenon with important adverse consequences on victims. The emotional impact of this phenomenon has been well established. However, there is to date no instrument with good ...psychometric properties tested to assess such impact. The objective of this study was developing and testing the psychometric properties of an instrument to assess the emotional impact of cyberbullying: the "Cybervictimization Emotional Impact Scale, CVEIS." The sample included 1,016 Compulsory Secondary Education students (52.9 percent female) aged between 12 and 18 (M = 13.86, DT = 1.33) from three schools in southern Spain. The study used Confirmatory Factor Analyses to test the structure of the questionnaire and robustness of the scale. Internal consistency was also tested. The results supported the suitability of a three-factor model: active, depressed, and annoyed. This model showed an optimal adjustment, which was better than its competing models. It also demonstrated strong invariance among cybervictims and non-cybervictims and also among gender. The internal consistency of each factor, and the total scale, was also appropriate. The article concludes by discussing research and practical implications of the scale.
Considering the increasing rates of bullying in adolescence, more empirical evidence on how multiple factors work together in relation to the bully-victim role is needed. This study aims to explore ...individual and perceived school-level factors associated with the bully-victim role in the context of traditional bullying and cyberbullying, based on the social-ecological model. Factors such as aggressive conflict resolution, normative adjustment, emotional dysregulation, peer social network, teacher apathy, teacher support, and school connectedness were analyzed. Gender differences were also examined. Participants were 854 students (402 girls) between 11 and 18 years of age (
M
= 13.65;
SD
= 1.36) from four secondary schools. Results indicated common factors associated with the bully-victim role in both traditional bullying and cyberbullying, such as aggressive conflict resolution, normative adjustment, and school connectedness. Whereas higher teacher support was associated with the bully-victim role in traditional bullying, lower peer social network was associated with the cyberbully-victim role. Gender interaction effects were found in traditional bullying, with the likelihood of being a bully-victim being higher for girls with higher levels of teacher support and lower school connectedness. Our results highlight that individual factors affect bully-victims in traditional bullying and cyberbullying, and act in concert with perceived environmental conditions in the education context. Discipline and norm adjustment, as well as socio-emotional competencies such as emotional regulation and adequate conflict resolution, are important for preventing bully-victim involvement. Key factors in the school context to prevent double-role involvement are discussed.
We examine the emotional impact caused to victims of bullying in its traditional
form, both directly and indirectly, as well as bullying inflicted by use of new
technologies such as mobile phones and ...the Internet. A sample of 1,671
adolescents and young people responded to a questionnaire which asked if they
had been victims of various forms of bullying, as well as the emotions this
caused. The results show that although traditional bullying affected
significantly more young people than cyberbullying, the latter affected one in
ten adolescents. Analysis of the emotions caused showed that traditional
bullying produced a wide variety of impacts, with the victims being divided into
five different emotional categories, while indirect bullying and cyberbullying
presented a narrower variety of results with the victims being classifiable into
just two groups: Those who said that they had not been emotionally affected and
those who simultaneously suffered from a wide variety of negative emotions. The
influence of age, gender, and severity on each emotional category is also
analyzed.
Sexting refers to the exchange of sexual content material
technological devices. The definitions of this phenomenon vary greatly, mainly, depending on the types of sexting: primary and secondary. ...Besides the above, there is no common perspective on whether sexting is a risk behavior that entails some type of impact by itself or not and, in such a case, whether this impact varies according to gender. In addition, the need to be popular has shown to be a factor that could increase the probability of being involved in sexting. The present study analyzes the potential emotional impact of sexting as well as the effect of the need for popularity on this phenomenon and if it varies according to gender. The sample comprised 2,356 high school students (46.8% female, 53.2% male; age range 11-18 years old,
= 13.72; SD = 1.31) belonging to 12 compulsory secondary education (ESO) schools from the south of Spain. To assess sexting implication, four questions were presented to participants (sending, receiving, forwarding, and receiving sexts
intermediary). Scales, self-report, about emotional impact (depressed, annoyed, and active) and need for popularity were also applied. The results obtained show that, although sexting has a clear emotional impact on adolescents, it does not appear to generate a negative impact among those involved, at least in the short term. Concretely, this phenomenon seems to trigger emotions related to activation in boys and girls (I feel lively, energetic, satisfied, ready, determined, active). Additionally, with respect to the need for popularity, its relevance, specially, in relation to active emotional impact has been confirmed by the analyses. Statistical models found for boys and girls were similar. In addition, some differences in emotional impact by gender were found, girls feeling more depressed and annoyed in secondary sexting, and boys more active regarding both types of sexting.
Environmental education is a decisive tool in the promotion of a citizenry committed to environmental sustainability. Among the current challenges, the management of water shortage is one of the main ...issues, thus addressing it from childhood is crucial to enhance the connection with nature. Few studies report on the impact of educational programmes about water on minors; therefore, this exploratory study values whether participating in environmental education programmes improves the environmental knowledge, attitudes and perception about water. The study sample was constituted by 607 students (8-16 years of age), from primary and secondary education. The results show evidence about the effectiveness of environmental education programmes about water. Particularly, the changes were greater when the environmental knowledge and perception were evaluated. There was an increase in the willing to learn and know more about environmental education and water. Educational strategies are provided for the future development of environmental education programmes.
Intervention against cyberbullying and other risks associated with the misuse of ITC and social networks is an important social demand. The 'Asegúrate' Program tries to support teachers in this ...intervention. This research shows the impact of the program among those that have shown to be less sensitive in other studies: cyber-aggressors. Concretely, the impact of the program on the prevalence of aggression in cyberbullying and bullying, sexting and abusive use of the Internet and social networks are analyzed. The evaluation of the program was carried out with a sample of 479 students (54.9% girls) of Compulsory Secondary Education (age M=13.83. SD=1.40) through a quasi-experimental methodology, with two measures over time. The instruments used were the "European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire", the "European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire", the "Internet Related Experiences Questionnaire" and two items about sexting involvement. The results show that the involvement in cyber aggression, sexting, and intrapersonal dimension of abusive use of Internet and social network increases without intervention, whereas it diminishes when the intervention is carried out. Moreover, a significant decrease in the aggression and cyber aggression among cyber aggressors is evidenced. Thus, 'Asegúrate' Program is effective for decreasing the prevalence of aggressions and cyber aggressions as well as the involvement in other phenomena considered cyberbullying risk factors.
Different forms of verbal aggression are often presented in cyberbullying and are used to harm others in online communication. This study proposed to understand the influence of an aggressive ...communication style on adolescents’ intentions to engage in cyberbullying, their emotional well-being, and personal moral beliefs. A convenience sample of 218 adolescents (Mage = 14.67, SD = 0.84, 53% girls) in Portugal responded to questionnaires. Structural equation modeling analyses were conducted to test mediating effects. An aggressive communication style may lead adolescents to perceive cyberbullying behavior as fair, and to decrease their emotional well-being. Moreover, this communication style may contribute to adolescents’ intentions to engage in cyberbullying, and whether they believe this type of behavior is fair or unfair may determine those intentions. These findings contribute to an understanding of determiners of cyberbullying and the provision of insights to develop school interventions in this field.
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