The labor force in Pakistan comprises 59.8 million individuals. The employees have faced major changes in work dynamics and psychosocial safety climate during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of ...the current study is to find the relationship between psychosocial safety climate, self-efficacy, and job-related expectations. It explores the moderating role of job-related expectations on the relationship between psychosocial safety climate and self-efficacy. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a significant relationship between psychosocial safety climate, self-efficacy, and job-related expectations, job-related expectations are likely to moderate the relationship between psychosocial safety climate and self-efficacy, and there are likely to be differences between married and unmarried employees; men and women; satisfied and unsatisfied employees with respect to psychosocial safety, self-efficacy, and job-related expectations. A correlational research design and a convenience sampling strategy were used. A total of 281 employees (
= 30.74 years, SD = 10.99) of the private-sector (including educational, industrial, and IT) organizations during the COVID-19 pandemic were part of the study. Results show that psychosocial safety climate had a positive significant relationship with job-related expectations and self-efficacy. Job expectations also significantly correlated with self-efficacy. There were significant differences in measures of study variables with respect to gender, marital status, and employee satisfaction. This research has implications for administration, managers, policymakers, and organizational psychologists.
Purpose: The present research examines the utilization of translanguaging schemes while teaching English grammar to elementary level students in different zones of Pakistan. The research deals with ...the research gap in comprehending the specified usage of translanguaging while imparting grammar instruction. Design/Methodology/Approach: The methodology includes survey of 20 teachers of English language teaching at elementary level and the analysis of their responses. Findings: The findings reveal that the teachers employ translanguaging techniques to reinforce grammar instruction by integrating the students’ native languages into English. Translanguaging techniques cast a constructive effect on the comfort and confidence of students. The research also identifies the challenges in the domains of social stigma and concentration. The present research specifies the effective perceptions for policymakers, curriculum designers, and educators. It highlights the significance of thorough training and continuous support for teachers in employing translanguaging in an effective manner. Implications/Originality/Value: The present study necessitates advanced research to investigate the longstanding impacts of translanguaging on language competence and academic output. The findings add to the developing research corpus on translanguaging in education and provide solid grounds for the improvement of effective pedagogical practices that influence the students’ multilingual series for imparting effective grammar instruction.
Background: This study explores ‘how does teachers’ (im)partiality affect the knowledge/learning development process of the undergrad students. The researchers attempted to analyze the effect tone, ...mood, favoritism, demeanor and gender discrimination with reference to students’ perceptions and comfort levels. The researchers exploited the data gathered through interviews, observation sheets and grounded theory analysis thereby adopting a mixed method approach. Objectives: The objective of the research is to investigate the effect of the teachers’ (im) partiality on the knowledge/learning experiences and results of the undergrad students, while focusing on the teacher’s mood, tone, favoritism, demeanor, and gender discrimination. Sample: The researchers collected sample from the faculty teaching in a well-reputed university of Pakistan and the undergrad students of the second semester studying in the same university. The researchers ensured the representation across male and female genders. The sample generates insights of the effect of teachers’ (im)partiality on the learning experiences of the students. Methods: The researchers used the ‘Adapted Flanders Observation Sheets’ to gather data on mood, tone, gender discrimination, demeanor, and their influence on students’ perceptions and comfort levels. During data analysis, Grounded theory principles were followed for coding and categorization. Results: The findings reveal that negative attitude and harsh tone impede learning, whereas appreciation and admiration catalyze it. Gender discrimination and favoritism create divisions among students, hampering the learning of those ignored. Implications: Impartiality in teaching is crucial for a positive and productive learning environment. Teachers should be aware of their tone, mood, demeanor, and biases to ensure equal opportunities. This research contributes insights for educators and policymakers to enhance undergraduate education quality, emphasizing the importance of a supportive classroom environment.
To investigate the association between perceived primary parenting styles and attachment styles between single-parent children and children living with both parents.
The correlational study was ...conducted at the Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan, from September 2017 to March 2018, and comprised an equal number of children from single-parent families and those living with both the parents. Data was collected using the parental authority questionnaire and the Urdu version of the inventory of parental and peer attachment. Data was analysed using SPSS 21.
Of the 200 children, 100(50%) were in each of the two groups, and both the groups had 50(50%) girls and boys each. The overall mean age of the sample was 14.56±3.03 years (range: 11-18 years). There was a significant negative correlation between permissive parenting styles with mother's communication (p<0.05); authoritarian parenting style had negative correlation with parental communication and trust(p<0.001). Authoritative parenting had significant positive relationship with trust (p<0.001), and communication with parents (p<0.001), and there was negative relationship between authoritative parenting with feeling alienated from parents (p<0.01). Single-parent children perceived their parents as authoritarian (p<0.001) and had more alienated attachment with parents (p<0.001), whereas children living with both the parents had more trust (p<0.001) and had better communication with their parents (p<0.001).
It is important to understand the role of parents and different parenting styles in building up strong parentchild attachment.
Pomegranate peel powder (PPP) is a rich source of many bioactive components particularly polyphenols that are interlinked to various technological and functional properties. In the present study, ...chicken tender pops were developed with incorporation of PPP, and its effect on quality attributes and storage stability of the product were evaluated. The treatments were formulated using 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% PPP in replacement of chicken. The physicochemical properties, texture profile, instrumental color, sensory attributes, and storage stability were assessed for 21 days at refrigeration temperature, at a regular interval of 7 days. The results indicated that the inclusion of PPP significantly (p < .05) increased the dietary fiber from 0.25% in T0 to 1.45% in T3 at Day 0 and WHC 43.60% ± 0.02 in T0 to 49.36% ± 0.02 in T3 at Day 0, whereas the moisture content significantly reduced from 60.05% ± 0.03 in T0 to 55.08% ± 0.01 in T3 at the start of the study. In addition, the values of TBARS were significantly (p < .05) reduced for treated samples 0.72 mg MDA/Kg in T3 as compared to control 1.17 mg MDA/Kg on the 21st day of storage, whereas a significant increase (p < .05) in TPC from 0.90 mg GAE/g to 3.87 mg GAE/g in T0 to T3 was observed at the start of the study. For TPA, a significant (p < .05) increase was noticed in hardness, chewiness, and gumminess, whereas cohesiveness and springiness showed a non‐significant (p > .05) change in treated samples in relation to control, and the instrumental color (L* and a*) decreased significantly. However, pH, crude fiber, fat, ash, and protein content showed non‐significant (p > .05) variations over time. The sensory evaluation suggested that chicken tender pops supplemented with 6% PPP (T2) presented high overall acceptability and balanced organoleptic properties. Hence, it can be concluded that PPP can be effectively utilized as a natural fiber source, antioxidant, and antimicrobial agent in novel functional foods.
The study evaluated the effects of incorporation of pomegranate peel powder on physiochemical, biochemical, and sensory attributes in development of chicken tender pops in refrigeration storage. Results show that use of pomegranate peel power enhanced antioxidant concentration, antimicrobial properties, sensory characteristics, and improved nutritional profiles while exhibiting potential of natural preservatives.
The aim of the research is to build a cognitive load scale for the methods of teaching physical education for male and female teachers of the eduction for male and female teachers of the second karkh ...Education Directorate , and to identify the details of the leval of cognitive burden for the methods of teaching physical education forthem . Baghdad Al - Karkh /2 numbering (59) individuals , all of them were chosen deliberately at a rate of (100%) , and then they wrer divded into three samples ( contruction , exploratory and application ) according to the requirements of the research , and a specialized cognitive burden scale was built for the sample and the specificity of this The research is according to the determinants of measurement and evaluation , and its application in apaper form with direct measurement , as the time prtiod for procedures and application took from 5l1l2021 to 28l2l2021 and after data was obtained , it was processed using the (SPSS) system to be the only extracts and applicatons from this research in that Teachers of physical education in middle school need to schedule and properly codify the information the receive about how to evaluate , and the need to rely on official sources about virtual classroom information and e-learning by reducing its momentum on their minds , and it is necessary that continuous development courses have reakistic goals and do not cause a cognitive burden . and exhausting them, and it is necessary to find open channels of communication to help them identify useful inforomation from non- improvised scintific sources
This study aimed to determine the trends of smartphone usage and behaviours associated with its use among undergraduate medical students at ABWA Medical College, Pakistan. Conducted from July to ...December 2023, this cross-sectional survey involved 270 undergraduate medical students, with 264 participants responding, resulting in a 97.7% response rate. The validated Smartphone Addiction Survey (SAS) was administered via an online Google form after obtaining informed consent. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. The study identified that smartphone usage among medical students includes information storage, communication, education, and entertainment, with no statistically significant gender-based differences (p > 0.05). Behaviours associated with smartphone usage included daily life disturbance, overuse, withdrawal, cyberspace-oriented relations, and tolerance. The ANOVA test revealed significant differences in cyberspace-oriented relations (p = 0.012), while no significant differences were found among different MBBS classes for daily life disturbance, overuse, withdrawal, and tolerance. These findings provide valuable insights into smartphone usage patterns and behaviours among medical students, highlighting significant variations in online interaction habits. The results can inform targeted interventions to promote healthy smartphone use and improve educational experiences for medical students in the digital age.
OBJECTIVE: To find the differences between Khat users and non-Khat users on the basis of personality traits, interpersonal difficulties and mental health problems. METHODS: A cross-sectional research ...design was used, and the sample was selected from undergraduate university students through a mixed sample technique. There was an approximately equal number of all four years of undergraduate students in the sample out of which 247 of the sample were Khat users and 94 were non-Khat users (control variable). All the participants were male and aged between 18 to 25 years. The scales used were Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), newly developed Khat Interpersonal Difficulties Scale (KIDS), and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS). A debriefing session was carried out at the end of each testing and participants were asked for any inquiry, question and feedback. SPSS version 21.0 was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Results revealed mean age of Khat users as 23.03±2.01, while non-Khat users had 21.44±1.71. Khat user students scored higher on neuroticism (t339=4.45, p<0.001), psychoticism (t339=2.92, p<0.001) and tend to experience more interpersonal difficulties (t339=11.83, p<0.001) and more mental health problems (t339=11.67, p<0.001) as compared to non-Khat users. Multiple regression analysis found a strong positive relationship between personality traits (neuroticism and psychoticism) with interpersonal difficulties (β=31, 28, respectively p<0.001) and mental health problems (β=28, 35, respectively p<0.001) as well. CONCLUSION: Khat use is related to a high score on neuroticism and psychoticism and the experience of more interpersonal difficulties and mental health problems.
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•PBS based crude DNA extraction of chicken feathers and DBS was efficient over five years of storage.•There was no effect of storage temperature and sample type on crude DNA ...extraction.•Potent extraction of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA was evident by direct PCR amplification.•Results of direct PCR amplification were consistent for any sample type over the study period.•The current study has paved the way for rapid and cheap DNA based analysis of avian specimens.
The use of direct PCR has been pioneered over the last decade for DNA analysis of biological specimens of distinct origins. The information on how longer these specimens can be stored and amplified by direct PCR is however scanty. Such a piece of information could expedite research and diagnostic studies without compromising the reliability of results. The current study was therefore designed to analyze the effect of storage temperature and duration on direct PCR amplification of biological specimens having either low quantity or high quantity of DNA. Whole blood, dried blood spots (DBS), and feathers from chicken were stored for five years at three different temperatures, viz. room temperature (∼25 °C), 4 °C, and −20 °C. These samples were subjected to crude DNA extraction by diluting them in PBS buffer and heating at 98 °C after 1 day, 7 days, 15 days, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 3 years and 5 years of storage. The crude DNA was PCR-amplified with the use of DNA sexing primers as well as DNA barcoding primers. Incubation at 98 °C for 10 min of any type of sample in PBS buffer was sufficient for crude DNA extraction. There was irrelevant impact of feather type, DBS matrix nature and storage temperature on amplification success over the period of analysis. It was possible to successfully accomplish the amplification of 96 samples with the use of routine PCR reagents within 3.5–6.0 hrs. In short, economical and fast genetic analysis of commonly used avian samples is feasible after their storage for longer time at room temperature.
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