Objective
In human skin, melanocytes and melanoblasts are mostly located in the epidermis in addition to hair follicles. In hairy skin such as mouse skin, the inter‐follicular epidermis is generally ...flat. In contrast, in human skin, the epidermis is wavy and possesses well‐developed rete ridges. It is not well understood what difference exists in cell function between melanocytes present in the inter‐rete ridge and those in the rete ridge. To clarify this problem, we first tried to determine the melanocyte and melanoblast populations per unit area of epidermis both in the rete ridge and inter‐rete ridge epidermis.
Methods
Thirty‐eight samples from normal skin sites of 28 patients (14 males and 14 females) aged from 5 to 76 years were fixed and processed to dopa and combined dopa‐premelanin reactions. The numbers of cells positive to the dopa (melanocytes) and combined dopa‐premelanin (melanoblasts and melanocytes) reactions were scored.
Results
The average melanocyte population/0.1 mm2 of the inter‐rete ridge was 74 cells, whereas that of the rete ridge was 147 cells. Moreover, the average melanoblast population/0.1 mm2 in the inter‐rete ridge was 43 cells, whereas that of the rete ridge was 131 cells. The melanoblast population in the rete ridge differed between female and male, but the melanocyte populations in the rete ridge and inter‐rete ridge and the melanoblast population in the inter‐rete ridge did not differ between female and male. However, no age difference in the melanocyte and melanoblast populations was observed between the rete ridge and inter‐rete ridge.
Conclusion
Human epidermal melanocytes and melanoblasts in the rete ridge exist more numerously than in the inter‐rete ridge.
Résumé
Objectif
dans la peau humaine, les mélanocytes et les mélanoblastes sont principalement situés dans l’épiderme ainsi que dans les follicules pileux. Dans la peau poilue, comme la peau de souris, l’épiderme interfolliculaire est généralement plat. En revanche, dans la peau humaine, l’épiderme a un aspect ondulé et possède des crêtes épidermiques bien développées. On ne comprend pas bien la différence entre la fonction cellulaire des mélanocytes présents dans la crête inter‐épidermique et celle des mélanocytes présents dans la crête épidermique. Afin de clarifier ce problème, nous avons d’abord essayé de déterminer les populations mélanocytaires et mélanoblastiques par unité de surface de l’épiderme, à la fois dans l’épiderme de la crête épidermique et dans celui de la crête inter‐épidermique.
Méthodes
trente‐huit échantillons provenant de sites cutanés normaux de 28 patients (14 hommes et 14 femmes), âgés de 5 à 76 ans, ont été fixés et traités pour des réactions à la dopa et à l’association dopa‐prémélanine. Le nombre de cellules positives aux réactions à la dopa (mélanocytes) et à l’association dopa‐prémélanine (mélanoblastes et mélanocytes) a été évalué.
Résultats
la population mélanocytaire moyenne/0,1 mm2 de la crête inter‐épidermique était de 74 cellules, alors que celle de la crête épidermique était de 147 cellules. De plus, la population mélanoblastique moyenne/0,1 mm2 de la crête inter‐épidermique était de 43 cellules, alors que celle de la crête épidermique était de 131 cellules. La population mélanoblastique dans la crête épidermique était différente entre les femmes et les hommes, mais les populations mélanocytaires dans la crête épidermique et la crête inter‐épidermique, ainsi que la population mélanoblastique dans la crête inter‐épidermique, n’étaient pas différentes entre les femmes et les hommes. Cependant, aucune différence liée à l’âge n’a été observée entre la crête épidermique et la crête inter‐épidermique dans les populations mélanocytaires et mélanoblastiques.
Conclusion
chez l’homme, les mélanocytes et les mélanoblastes épidermiques sont plus nombreux dans la crête épidermique que dans la crête inter‐épidermique.
Kumahara, H, Ohta, C, Nabeshima, E, Nakayama, A, Mine, S, and Yamato, T. Dietary intake and energy expenditure during two different phases of athletic training in female collegiate lacrosse players. ...J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1547-1554, 2020-This study aims to investigate the state of nutrient intake and energy expenditure (EE) among various phases of periodization in female collegiate lacrosse players. A total of 17 Japanese female collegiate lacrosse players (age: 20.0 ± 0.9 years) were enrolled in this study. Physical activity (PA) and dietary intake were assessed over each 1-week period during the training preparatory phase (P-phase) and transition phase (T-phase). The exercise training-related EE (EEE) and EE associated with other daily living activities (i.e., nonexercise activity thermogenesis NEAT), were measured using accelerometers and heart rate (HR) monitoring using the flex-HR method. The total daily EE during the P-phase was significantly higher than that of the T-phase (2,168 ± 248 vs. 1744 ± 138 kcal·d; p < 0.01); however, no significant differences were observed in the total energy intake. Moreover, EEE during the P-phase was significantly higher than that of the T-phase, whereas no significant difference was found in NEAT. Furthermore, no significant differences were noted in any macronutrient intake variable observed between the 2 phases (protein:fat:carbohydrate ratio: 12.6 ± 1.5:32.9 ± 3.9:54.1 ± 5.1% in the P-phase vs. 12.1 ± 1.7:30.7 ± 3.9:55.7 ± 5.2% in the T-phase). The carbohydrate and protein intake were below recommended levels during the P-phase. Conversely, the saturated fatty acid ratio was higher than the dietary goals for disease prevention. Based on the changes in the PA volume observed during different training phases, female collegiate lacrosse players did not attain optimal nutrient intake required for optimal athletic performance and health.
Background. Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) is the causative agent for exanthem subitum. HHV-6B was associated with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS), leading to mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). In ...this study, we sought to elucidate the pathogenic role of HHV-6B in patients with MTLE. Methods. Seventy-five intractable MTLE patients, including 52 MTS patients and 23 non-MTS patients, were enrolled in this study. Resected hippocampus, amygdala, and mixed samples of amygdala and uncus samples were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse-transcriptase PCR to detect viral DNA and messenger RNA (mRNA), respectively. Host gene expressions, including neural markers, were measured using the TaqMan Gene Expression Assay. Results. Detection of HHV-6 DNA was higher in MTS patients than non-MTS patients (median/interquartile range: 19.1/0-89.2 vs 0.0/0.0-0.0 copies/μg DNA; P = .004). HHV-6B viral DNA was determined in 12/27 HHV-6 DNA-positive samples, and no HHV-6B mRNA were detected in all samples. In MTS patients, expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (P = .029) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (P = .043) were significantly higher in the amygdala samples with HHV-6 DNA than those without viral DNA. Conclusions. This study suggests that HHV-6B may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MTS via modification of host gene expression.
The use of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy for hematologic malignancies is rapidly increasing, and appropriately managing adverse events (AEs) is crucial. Cytokine release syndrome ...(CRS) is a common AE of CAR-T therapy, characterized by systemic symptoms such as fever and respire-circulatory failure. We present two cases with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) accompanied by a rare complication of cervical local CRS as an acute inflammatory reaction at a specific site after CAR-T infusion. Case 1: A 60-year-old gentleman with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) developed grade 1 CRS on day one that required three doses of tocilizumab. Then he developed remarkable cervical edema as local CRS on day five. His local CRS spontaneously improved from day seven without additional therapy. Case 2: A 70-year-old gentleman with DLBCL developed grade 1 CRS on day two that required three doses of tocilizumab. Then he developed remarkable cervical edema and muffled voice as local CRS on day three. He received dexamethasone because of concerns about airway obstruction, and his local CRS improved immediately after dexamethasone administration. Before Tisa-Cel infusion, neither patients had a lymphoma lesion in their necks. To summarize, local CRS may occur at the site without lymphoma involvement after CAR-T therapy. An appropriate diagnosis and careful observation are required to determine the need for additional treatment.
Conditions for preparing tiny biodegradable capsules were examined using electrocapillary emulsification that allows one to prepare monodisperse emulsions with ease by applying a DC potential between ...oil and water phases without mechanical agitation. The results obtained showed that a 1 : 4 mixture of polysorbate 80 (TO-10), a hydrophilic non-ionic surfactant, and sorbitan monooleate (SO-10), an oleophilic surfactant, is appropriate as the surfactant to be added to oil phase, cyclohexane is acceptable as the oil phase and 1000 V is optimum as the DC potential to be applied. The capsules prepared had sizes ranging from 100-300 nm and a surface roughness of ∼10 nm and degraded in model intestinal juice more easily and rapidly than in model gastric juice. In addition, the capsules containing lactoferrin, an anti-carcinogenic protein, were found to keep 12.5% of the protein used in encapsulation without losing its activity.
In this study we examined the proper pressure of air boots for a person in a sitting position. Air boots can improve calf congestion by pulsatile calf compression. Higher pressure may improve calf ...congestion more, though it might decrease arterial blood flow. A photo-electric plethysmometer was put on the second toe of a foot to measure the amplitude of the pulse which represent arterial blood flow. A sensor of a near infrared oxygen monitor was put on the calf just above an air boot. A near infrared oxygen monitor can detect tissue reduced hemoglobin which exists almost only in venous blood. So, the concentration of tissue reduced hemoglobin could represent tissue venous blood concentration. When the air boots pressure was more than 140mmHg, the amplitude of the arterial pulse decreased to half of that without massage. Pressure less than 70mmHg didn't affect arterial blood flow. Meanwhile pressures of more than 70mmHg didn't show any difference in the improvement of calf congestion. So, we concluded that the proper pressure for air boots massage for calf congestion in a sitting position is less than 70mmHg.
Reducing pressure is one of the most important factors in preventing decubitus. One way to reduce pressure is to redistribute pressure over as large an area as possible. Soft polyurethane mattresses ...are good for redistributing pressure, however this type of mattress does not provide sufficient back support. So in order to reduce pressure and provide sufficient support, we have developed a silicone gel layered mattress. Silicone gel is frequently used as a shock absorber in various types of machines and our tests showed that silicone gel was superior to standard polyurethane mattress materials in reducing interface pressure. The silicone gel layered mattress was also preferred by volunteers over a standard hard mattress and a standard soft mattress.
This paper deals with a novel preparation method of nanocapsules with alginate/polylysine complex wall. The preparation method consisted of the following steps: dispersion of an aqueous sodium ...alginate solution into cyclohexane to give a W/O emulsion, preparation of calcium alginate gel beads by adding the emulsion into a calcium aerosol OT solution in cyclohexane, and alginate/polylysine complex wall formation on the surface of calcium alginate beads by adding the beads into an aqueous poly-L-lysine solution. The size of alginate/polylysine complex capsules thus prepared was found to be 100-500 nm. Moreover, an attempt was made to prepare much smaller capsules using a laboratory-made apparatus for electrocapillary emulsification and the capsule size could be reduced to about 40 nm.
This paper deals with a novel preparation method of nanocapsules with alginate/polylysine complex wall. The preparation method consisted of the following steps：dispersion of an aqueous sodium ...alginate solution into cyclohexane to give a W/O emulsion, preparation of calcium alginate gel beads by adding the emulsion into a calcium aerosol OT solution in cyclohexane, and alginate/polylysine complex wall formation on the surface of calcium alginate beads by adding the beads into an aqueous poly-L-lysine solution. The size of alginate/polylysine complex capsules thus prepared was found to be 100-500 nm. Moreover, an attempt was made to prepare much smaller capsules using a laboratory-made apparatus for electrocapillary emulsification and the capsule size could be reduced to about 40 nm.
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