Essential oils (EOs) are commonly used as animal feed additives. Information is lacking on the mechanisms driving the beneficial effects of EOs in animals, especially the role played by the ...intestinal microbiota of the host.
The purpose of this study was to clarify the relative contribution of direct effects of EOs on the physiology and immune system of tilapia and indirect effects mediated by the intestinal microbiota by using a germ-free zebrafish model.
Juvenile hybrid tilapia were fed a control diet or 1 of 4 treatment diets containing 60-800 mg Next Enhance 150 (NE) (an EO product containing equal levels of thymol and carvacrol)/kg for 6 wk. The key humoral and cellular innate immune parameters were evaluated after the feeding period. In another experiment, the gut microbiota of tilapia fed a control or an NE diet (200 mg/kg) for 2 wk were transferred to 3-d postfertilization (dpf) germ-free (GF) zebrafish, and the expression of genes involved in innate immunity and tight junctions was evaluated in zebrafish at 6 dpf. Lastly, NE was directly applied to 3-dpf GF zebrafish at 3 doses ranging from 0.2 to 20 mg/L, and the direct effect of NE on zebrafish was evaluated after 1 and 3 d.
NE supplementation at 200 mg/kg enhanced phagocytosis activity of head kidney macrophages (×1.36) (P < 0.05) and plasma lysozyme activity (×1.69) of tilapia compared with the control (P < 0.001), indicating an immunostimulatory effect. Compared with those colonized with control microbiota, GF zebrafish colonized with NE microbiota showed attenuated induction of immune response marker genes serum amyloid a (Saa; ×0.62), interleukin 1β (Il1β; ×0.29), and interleukin 8 (Il8; ×0.62) (P < 0.05). NE treatment of GF zebrafish at 2 and 20 mg/L for 1 d upregulated the expression of Il1β (×2.44) and Claudin1 (×1.38), respectively (P < 0.05), whereas at day 3 the expression of Occludin2 was higher (×3.30) in the 0.2-mg NE/L group compared with the GF control (P < 0.05).
NE may affect the immunity of tilapia through a combination of factors, i.e., primarily through a direct effect on host tissue (immune-stimulating) but also an indirect effect mediated by microbial changes (immune-relieving).
The primary cilium is a central signaling component during embryonic development. Here we focus on CROCCP2, a hominid-specific gene duplicate from ciliary rootlet coiled coil (CROCC), also known as ...rootletin, that encodes the major component of the ciliary rootlet. We find that CROCCP2 is highly expressed in the human fetal brain and not in other primate species. CROCCP2 gain of function in the mouse embryonic cortex and human cortical cells and organoids results in decreased ciliogenesis and increased cortical progenitor amplification, particularly basal progenitors. CROCCP2 decreases ciliary dynamics by inhibition of the IFT20 ciliary trafficking protein, which then impacts neurogenesis through increased mTOR signaling. Loss of function of CROCCP2 in human cortical cells and organoids leads to increased ciliogenesis, decreased mTOR signaling, and impaired basal progenitor amplification. These data identify CROCCP2 as a human-specific modifier of cortical neurogenesis that acts through modulation of ciliary dynamics and mTOR signaling.
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•CROCCP2: a hominid-specific gene duplicate uniquely expressed in human fetal cortex•CROCCP2 overexpression in the mouse embryo leads to cortical progenitor amplification•CROCCP2 is required for basal progenitor amplification in human cortical organoids•CROCCP2 acts by decreasing ciliogenesis and enhancing the mTOR pathway
van Heurck et al. identify CROCCP2, a hominid-specific gene duplicate, as a human-specific modifier of neurogenesis in the developing cerebral cortex. They find that CROCCP2 is necessary and sufficient to enhance human cortical progenitor amplification and acts by decreasing primary cilia dynamics and enhancing the mTOR pathway.
Probiotic feed additives can support the gut health of shrimp and thereby improve performance, production efficiency and disease resistance. Two experiments in white leg shrimp aimed to investigate ...the effects of a multi-species probiotic feed supplement (AquaStar
, 3 g/kg feed, Biomin GmbH, Getzersdorf, Austria) in feed formulations with different marine meal levels (32% and 15%) on growth performance and resistance against
. Juvenile shrimp were stocked in a recirculating aquaculture tank system at a density of 20 shrimp/46.8 L and were fed diets with and without the probiotic supplementation for 8 weeks. Afterwards, a bath immersion with
was performed and mortality was observed over a period of 14 days. Independent of the diet formulation, probiotic supplementation significantly improved the survival rate of the shrimp and the specific growth rate while decreasing feed consumption and feed conversion ratio when compared to the control (
≤ 0.042). After the
immersion challenge, mortality was significantly decreased by 13.33% with probiotic supplementation in the high marine meal diet experiment (
= 0.042) and numerically decreased by 11.67% in the low marine meal diet experiment (
= 0.133). Overall, the results suggest that the beneficial effects of the probiotic can occur independently of the diet formulation.
Background: Essential oils (EOs) are commonly used as animal feed additives. Information is lacking on the mechanisms driving the beneficial effects of EOs in animals, especially the role played by ...the intestinal microbiota of the host.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to clarify the relative contribution of direct effects of EOs on the physiology and immune system of tilapia and indirect effects mediated by the intestinal microbiota by using a germ-free zebrafish model.
Methods: Juvenile hybrid tilapia were fed a control diet or 1 of 4 treatment diets containing 60–800 mg Next Enhance 150 (NE) (an EO product containing equal levels of thymol and carvacrol)/kg for 6 wk. The key humoral and cellular innate immune parameters were evaluated after the feeding period. In another experiment, the gut microbiota of tilapia fed a control or an NE diet (200 mg/kg) for 2 wk were transferred to 3-d postfertilization (dpf) germ-free (GF) zebrafish, and the expression of genes involved in innate immunity and tight junctions was evaluated in zebrafish at 6 dpf. Lastly, NE was directly applied to 3-dpf GF zebrafish at 3 doses ranging from 0.2 to 20 mg/L, and the direct effect of NE on zebrafish was evaluated after 1 and 3 d.
Results: NE supplementation at 200 mg/kg enhanced phagocytosis activity of head kidney macrophages (×1.36) (P < 0.05) and plasma lysozyme activity (×1.69) of tilapia compared with the control (P < 0.001), indicating an immunostimulatory effect. Compared with those colonized with control microbiota, GF zebrafish colonized with NE microbiota showed attenuated induction of immune response marker genes serum amyloid a (Saa; ×0.62), interleukin 1β (Il1β; ×0.29), and interleukin 8 (Il8; ×0.62) (P < 0.05). NE treatment of GF zebrafish at 2 and 20 mg/L for 1 d upregulated the expression of Il1β (×2.44) and Claudin1 (×1.38), respectively (P < 0.05), whereas at day 3 the expression of Occludin2 was higher (×3.30) in the 0.2-mg NE/L group compared with the GF control (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: NE may affect the immunity of tilapia through a combination of factors, i.e., primarily through a direct effect on host tissue (immune-stimulating) but also an indirect effect mediated by microbial changes (immune-relieving).
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•Wetland roof (WR) is an ecological treatment solution for tropical urban cities.•WR contributes to enhance specific green coverage for urban cities.•Tree among eight studied plants ...reveals as effective vegetation for WR system.•Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb was the best for green area and wastewater treatment.
Wetland roof (WR) could bring many advantages for tropical cities such as thermal benefits, flood control, green coverage and domestic wastewater treatment. This study investigates wastewater treatment and biomass growth of eight local plants in shallow bed WRs. Results showed that removal rates of WRs were 21–28 kg COD ha−1 day−1, 9–13 kg TN ha−1 day−1 and 0.5–0.9 kg TP ha−1 day−1, respectively. The plants generated more biomass at lower hydraulic loading rate (HLR). Dry biomass growth was 0.4–28.1 g day−1 for average HLR of 247–403 m3 ha−1 day−1. Green leaf area of the plants was ranging as high as 67–99 m2 leaves per m2 of WR. In general, the descent order of Kyllinga brevifoliaRottb (WR8), Cyperus javanicus Houtt (WR5) and Imperata cylindrical (WR4) was suggested as effective vegetations in WR conditions in terms of wastewater treatment, dry biomass growth and green coverage ratio.
Microplastics (MPs) are one of the emerging pollutants that have gained the most attention recently. The widespread distribution and potential for its adverse impact on human health and the ecosystem ...have been warned. MPs have been introduced into the environment by various routes such as direct disposal through human activities, textile industry and wastewater treatment systems. Recently, the reduction of MPs from wastewater treatment systems has been attracted much attention from the scientific community. There have been many reviews on the emission sources, distribution and impacts of MP in environment. However, the better understanding of MPs removal efficiencies by different wastewater treatment technologies has not been reviewed and discussed. Therefore, the objective of this review is to provide technologies to be applied in MPs removal. In addition, basic knowledge about MPs in water body such as characteristics, emission sources, transport path and its impact on human health and the ecosystem was also presented and discussed. This review is expected to provide useful information to scientists as well as decision makers to continue researching, developing and proposing an effective strategy to control and prevent water pollution from MPs.
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•Characteristics, emission sources and transport path of microplastics were presented.•Effects of microplastics on human health and ecosystem were discussed.•Performance of existing microplastics removal technologies were reviewed.•Future perspectives of technologies for microplastics removal are addressed.
A pilot-scale two-stage anaerobic digestion system, which includes a feed tank (0.4 m3), a hydrolysis reactor (1.2 m3) followed by a methane fermenter (4.0 m3) was set up and run at the municipal ...solid waste landfill located in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. The feed that was separated from urban organic solid waste was collected at households and restaurants in District 1, HCMC. This study aimed to investigate the resource recovery performance of the pilot two-stage anaerobic digestion system, in terms of carbon recovery via biogas production and nutrient recovery from digestate. The average organic loading rate (OLR) of the system was step increased from 1.6 kg volatile solids (VS)·m−3·d−1, 2.5 kg VS·m−3·d−1 and 3.8 kg VS·m−3·d−1 during 400 days of operation. During the long-term operation at three OLRs, pH values and alkalinity were stable at both hydrolysis and methanogenesis stages without any addition of alkalinity for the methanogenesis phase. High buildup of propanoic acid and total volatile fatty acid concentrations in the fermenter did not drop pH values and inhibit the methanogenic process at high OLRs (2.5–3.8 kg VS m−3·d−1). The obtained total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD) removal performance was 83–87% at the OLRs ranging from 2.5 kg VS·m−3·d−1 and 3.8 kg VS·m−3·d−1, respectively. The highest biogas yield of 263 ± 64 L·kg−1 tCOD removed obtained at OLR of 2.5 kg VS·m−3·d−1. It is expected that a full scale 2S-AD plant with capacity of 5200 tons day−1 of biowaste collected currently from municipal solid waste in HCMC may create daily electricity of 552 MWh, thermal energy of 630 MWh, and recovery of 16.1 tons of NH4+-N, 11.4 tons of organic-N, and 2.1 tons of TP as both organic liquid and solid fertilizers.
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•High build-up of total volatile fatty acids in the fermenter of the 2S-AD process did not cause failure of the methanogenesis.•The biogas yield obtained from the 2S-AD plant was higher than that from the 1S-AD process.•The 2S-AD plant potentially produces high value of renewable energy and organic fertilizer from recovery of nutrients in the digestate.
Essential oils (EOs) are known as any aromatic oily organic substances which are naturally synthesized in plants. Exhibiting a broad range of biological activities, EOs have played a key role in ...numerous industries for ages, including pharmaceutical, textile, and food. However, the volatility and high sensitivity to environmental influences pose challenges to the application of EOs on industrial scale. Microencapsulation via the spray-drying method is one of the promising techniques to overcome these challenges, thanks to the presence of wall materials that properly protect the core EOs from oxidation and evaporation. By optimization of key factors related to the infeed emulsion properties and spray-drying process, the encapsulation efficiency and retention of encapsulated EOs could be significantly improved, thus allowing a wide range of EO applications. This review attempts to discuss on different determining factors of the spray-drying process to develop an effective encapsulation formula for EOs. Furthermore, recent applications of encapsulated EOs in the fields of foods, pharmaceuticals, and textile industries are also thoroughly addressed.
Due to global demand, millions of tons of plastics have been widely consumed, resulting in the widespread entry of vast amounts of microplastic particles into the environment. The presence of ...microplastics (MPs) in water supplies, including bottled water, has undergone systematic review, assessing the potential impacts of MPs on humans through exposure assessment. The main challenges associated with current technologies lie in their ability to effectively treat and completely remove MPs from drinking and supply water. While the risks posed by MPs upon entering the human body have not yet been fully revealed, there is a predicted certainty of negative impacts. This review encompasses a range of current technologies, spanning from basic to advanced treatments and varying in scale. However, given the frequent detection of MPs in drinking and bottled water, it becomes imperative to implement comprehensive management strategies to address this issue effectively. Consequently, integrating current technologies with management options such as life-cycle assessment, circular economy principles, and machine learning is crucial to eliminating this pervasive problem.
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•A range of current technologies from basic to advanced treatments were examined.•Life-cycle assessment and circular economy were integrated with current technologies.•This review delved into the presence of microplastics (MPs) in water supply sources.•Potential adverse effects of MPs on human health were limited in literature review.•It is urgent for an enhanced comprehension of the potential health hazards.
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