Nema mnogo zapisa o povijesti zdravstvene djelatnosti i prakticiranju medicine na području Čazme. Može se pretpostaviti da se nakon osnivanja Zbornog kaptola s dvanaest kanonika u danas postojećoj ...Čazmi prakticirala i medicina. Tadašnja Čazma imala je status pomoćnog centra Zagrebačke biskupije i vjerskog, prosvjetiteljskog i kulturnog središta Čazmanskog arhiđakonata. Povijesni zapisi govore u prilog povezanosti Čazmanskog i Zagrebačkog kaptola, čestih boravaka dostojanstvenika tog vremena u čazmanskome kraju, ali i turskih napada i pustošenja i konačno pada Čazme. Potvrda o zdravstvenoj djelatnosti na tom području može se naći i u navodima o postojanju leprozorija u Čazmi u doba epidemije kuge u srednjem vijeku. Danas u Čazmi postoji organizirana zdravstvena služba primarne zdravstvene zaštite u sklopu Doma zdravlja Bjelovarsko-bilogorske županije, hitna medicinska pomoć županijskog Zavoda za javno zdravstvo i epidemiološka služba pri Zavodu za javno zdravstvo. Razvijena je i ljekarnička djelatnost i služba veterinarske medicine. Sve su te službe tijekom proteklih godina prošle kroz reformu. Od sredine prošlog stoljeća organizacija zdravstvene službe u tadašnjoj Jugoslaviji razlikovala se od današnjeg uređenja. Nekada su ljekarničke i liječničke službe bile u sastavu Doma zdravlja Čazma, a izdvajanjem nekih iz sastava navedenog Doma zdravlja i spajanjem drugih službi u Dom zdravlja bjelovarsko-bilogorske županije neke službe danas djeluju samostalno.
There are not many records on the history of healthcare and practicing medicine in the Čazma area. It can be assumed that medicine was practiced in the present Čazma after the founding of the Chapter ...– church body of twelve canons. The Čazma then had the status of the auxiliary centre of the Zagreb Diocese and the religious, enlightenment and cultural centre of the Čazma Archdeaconry. Historical records witness to the connection between the Chapters in Čazma and Zagreb; the frequent stay of the prelates of that time in this area; as well as the attacks and destruction by the Turks followed by the fall of Čazma. A further confirmation of active healthcare activity in this area can be found in the records on the existence of a leprosarium in Čazma during the plague epidemic in the Middle Ages. Today Čazma has a primary healthcare service within the Public Health Centre of the Bjelovar-Bilogora County, an emergency medical assistance service within the County Public Health Institute, and an epidemiological service within the Public Health Institute. Pharmaceutical business and veterinary medical services actively operate as well. All of these services have undergone reforms over the recent years. Healthcare organization in ex-Yugoslavia differed from its present organization as of the middle of the previous century. Formerly, pharmaceutical and medical services formed a part of the Public Health Centre in Čazma. Some of these services have subsequently become independent from the said Health Centre, and several other services have merged into the Public Health Centre of the Bjelovar-Bilogora County. Hence, several subject services presently operate autonomously.
Artistic media and techniques should be viewed as tools for solving problems in the field of architectural design. Only visually literate architect is able to give successfully create an ...architectural composition. The key to solving it does not exist, otherwise all compositions would be successful. Composition will be successful depending on the author's approach to work. Therefore, the research of visual composition is more important for students of architecture than the traditional approach to the works of art, where instead of the creative idea, the focus is on skill and technique. As far as the authors know, there are no scientific works that connect visual literacy, creativity, architectural education and architectural design in this way. In order to improve the program of studies in architecture in Niš, this research was conducted through several experiments (creativity tests). Results of the research show that the students did not have enough knowledge about creativity when enrolling at the faculty. Nevertheless, it is possible to improve their creativity by changing the structure of curriculum. Recommendations for improving practical teaching are based on the overall results.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder in the general population. Its frequency among the world’s population ranges between 5 and 28%. There are no systematic and accurate information ...about its existence and ethiopathogenetic importance for Croatia. The aim of this research is to identify the specific representation of IBS in relation to a particular region as well as the influence of various demographic and socioeconomic factors on its manifestation. Research methods included a questionnaire based on Rome III criteria. The questionnaire was sent to the home addresses of 400 respondents. The sample of respondents answered the population of adults of Bjelovar-Bilogora in accordance with the last census. The research results have shown a high prevalence of IBS 26.52% (29.19% women and 22:33% men). Average age of persons who is present SIC was 46 years and average body mass index (BMI) was 27.43. Statistical analysis showed that the SIC often occurs in persons of female gender, excessive body weight (BMI> 25), low levels of education, that live in the rural environment in the family home, are allergic to any food ingredients, or ambrose, complain to the pain in the back, and are exposed to stress. SIC prevalence in Croatia is high in relation to the prevalence noted in similar studies. Gender, high BMI, and stress were separated as important factors influencing the emergence of SIC.
Radio propagation performances in interference‐limited faded environment are studied in this paper. Selection combining (SC) based on signal‐to‐interference ratio (SIR) overκ‐μfading channels is ...performed. Probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the received SIR are determined. Based on the results obtained for PDF and CDF, infinite‐series expressions are derived for the output level crossing rate (LCR) and average fade duration (AFD). These second order statistical measures are regarded as necessary for supporting technical documentation in every radio communication link design. Influences of various system parameters such as fading severity and the number of co‐channel interferences affecting these measures are graphically presented and discussed.
Key Points
Analysis generalizes and extends previously presented work from this area
Highly accurate evaluation of system performances and discussion
Results are validated
In this paper, an approach to derivation of the joint trivariate
α
-
μ
probability density function (pdf) and cumulative distribution function (cdf) expressions will be presented. Capitalizing on ...this, closed-form expressions for the cdf and pdf at the output of triple branch selective combiner (SC) in the presence of correlated co-channel interference (CCI) will be determined. The main contribution of this paper is generality of our model, since the expressions accommodate arbitrary correlation structures. General results, from this paper, could be reduced to the specific ones for various fading models and types of correlation. Important performance measures like outage probability (Pout) and average output signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) will also be determined and graphically illustrated for various values of existing parameters.
In this paper an approach to efficient computation of radiation pattern in
FDTD simulation environment is presented. A necessary large distance from the
radiating object is achieved by multigrid ...space discretization with
unilaterally connected subdomains. A numerical dispersion is reduced using
more general complex-envelope finite difference time domain (CE-FDTD)
formulation and high order accuracy FDTD schemes where possible. In order to
examine how much the introduced algorithm complexity and increased demands
concerning computational power and memory are justified by the gain in
accuracy, several different scenarios were considered.
Sindrom iritabilnog crij eva (SIC) čest je poremećaj u općoj populacij i. Njegova učestalost među svjetskim pučanstvom kreće se između 5 i 28%. Ne postoje sustavni i točni podaci o njegovoj pojavnosti ...i etiopatogenetskom značenju za Hrvatsku. Cilj ovog istraživanja jest utvrditi specifičnu zastupljenost sindroma iritabilnog crij eva u Hrvatskoj s obzirom na određenu regij u te utjecaj različitih demografskih i socioekonomskih čimbenika na njegovu pojavnost. Metoda istraživanja uključivala je upitnik temeljen na Rome III kriterij ima. Upitnik je poslan na kućne adrese 400 ispitanika. Uzorak ispitanika odgovarao je populacij i odraslih osoba Bjelovarsko-bilogorske županij e u skladu s posljednjim popisom stanovništva. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su visoku prevalencij u sindroma iritabilnog crij eva od 26,52% (29,19% žene i 22,33% muškarci). Srednja dob osoba kod kojih je prisutan sindrom iritabilnog crijeva iznosila je 46 godina, a prosječan indeks tjelesne mase (BMI) bio je 27,43. Statistička analiza pokazala je da se sindrom iritabilnog crij eva češće javlja kod osoba ženskog spola, pretjerane tjelesne težine (BMI > 25), nižeg stupnja obrazovanja, koje obitavaju u ruralnoj sredini u obiteljskoj kući, koje su alergične na neke od prehrambenih namirnica ili ambrozij u, koje se žale na bolove u leđima te koje su izložene stresu. Prevalencij a sindroma iritabilnog crij eva u Hrvatskoj je visoka u odnosu na do sada primij ećene prevalencije u sličnim istraživanjima. Spol, visok BMI i stres izdvojeni su kao bitni čimbenici koji utječu na pojavu sindroma iritabilnog crijeva.
Imajući u vidu nagli razvoj bežičnih telekomunikacija, kao i sam njhov značaj za razvoj društva, javlja se potreba za njihovim proučavanjem, a u cilju poboljšanja kvaliteta prenosa, povećanja dometa ...veze kao i kapaciteta i brzine prenosa. Kod bežičnih telekomunikacionih sistema fazna modulacija je našla veliku primenu. Za realizaciju koherentne detekcije neophodno je obezbediti na mestu prijema referentni nosilac koji bi bio u fazi sa dolazećim modulisanim nosiocem. Taj koherentni nosilac se regeneriše pomoću kola za ekstrakciju referentnog nosioca ili iz pilot signala ili iz primljenog modulisanog signala. U literaturi, koja je u vezi sa koherentnom detekcijom u kanalu sa fedingom, najčešće se pretpostavlja da je referentni nosilac idealno regenerisan. Učinjena pretpostavka nije korektna čak ni u kanalu sa aditivnim belim Gauss-ovim šumom (AWGN – Additive White Gaussian Noise),dok je u kanalu sa fedingom situacija još složenija, pa se rezultati, koji se dobijaju na taj način, mogu shvatiti kao najpovoljniji u posmatranim okolnostima. Slučajna fluktuacija faze regenerisanog referentnog nosioca posledica je aditivnih i multiplikativnih smetnji prisutnih u kanalu, kao i ograničenih filtracionih osobina sinhronizacionog trakta. Sa smanjenjem propusnog opsega fazne petlje, smanjuje se uticaj šuma u faznoj petlji, ali se istovremeno pogoršavaju i akvizicione osobine petlje. Razlika između faze dolazećeg signala i regenerisane faze referentnog nosioca je slučajni proces koji ima Tikhonov-ljevu raspodelu 61, 80, 113 sa parametrima koji zavise od uslova u kanalu i karakteristika primenjenog ekstraktora.U dostupnoj literaturi, koja je u vezi sa detekcijom digitalno fazno modulisanih signala u kanalima sa fedingom, analiza je uglavnom rađena uz pretpostavku da je ekstrakcija referentnog nosioca idealna. U radovima 18, 51 i 72 ukazano je na značaj uticaja nesavršene procene faze referentnog nosioca u jednokanalanim sistemima, i to u slučaju kada je prisutan multipathfeding.U cilju poboljšanja performansi prijema u kanalu sa fedingom neophodno je koristiti diverziti prijemnike koji vrše kombinovanje dolazećih signala na različite načine. Najpoznatije tehnike kombinovanja su selekciono kombinovanje (Selection Combining – SC) 12, 13, 57, 75, prekidačko kombinovanje (Switch-and-Stay Cominining – SSC) 71, 76, metod kombinovanja kod koga se vrši izjednačavanje faza signala u svim granama i naknadno sabiranje signala iz svih grana (Equal Gain Combining – EGC) 4, 61, 62. 80 i metod kombinovanja kod koga se vrši izjednačavanje faza, veće vrednovanje grana gde je Uvod srednja snaga signala veća i naknadno sabiranje signala iz svih grana (Maximal Ratio Combining – MRC) 71, 76, 91 i 95. Bez obzira na to što izjednačavanje faza u različitim granama prijemnika ne može biti idealno, u radovima koji su u vezi sa EGC i MRC prijemnicima obično se uvodi pretpostavka o savršenom kofaziranju u cilju pojednostavljenja matematičke analize. Izuzeci su radovi 61, 62 i 80. Rad 61 daje analizu performansi EGC prijemnika u prisustvu Rayleigh-jevog fedinga i fazne greške, nastale pri neidealnoj ekstrakciji referentnog nosioca. Fazna greška prati Tikhonov-ljevu raspodelu. Korišćenjem Gram-Charlier razvoja, dobijeni su izrazi za verovatnoću greške pri detekciji BPSK i QPSK signala. Procenjeni su i gubici usled postojanja fazne greške za nekoliko vrednosti odnosa signal-šum (SNR – Signal-to-Noise Ratio) i verovatnoće greške (BER – Bit-Error Rate).
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