Montenegro has different influences on the weather and climate; in general, according to Köppen’s classification, there are two climate zones: warm temperate (C) and cold temperate (D). The aim of ...this study is to determine the susceptibility to wildfires in the Montenegrin coastal municipality of Budva and the northern municipality of Rožaje, which are located in different climatic conditions, using multicriteria GIS decision analysis (GIS-MCDA). Nine natural and anthropogenic criteria were used for the analysis. Open geospatial data were used as input data for all criteria. The assignment of weighting coefficients for the criteria in relation to wildfire susceptibility importance was based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (F-AHP) procedures. The results for the AHP and F-AHP models were obtained using the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method. According to the AHP model, the very high and high category covers 80.93% of the total area in Budva and 80.65% in Rožaje. According to the F-AHP model, the very high and high category occupies 80.71% of the total area in Budva and 82.30% in Rožaje. The validation shows that the models of GIS-MCDA perform fair in both climatic zones. The proposed models, especially in the absence of geospatial data, can be a strategic and operational advantage in the development of plans and strategies for protection against wildfires.
Wildfire is one of the most dangerous environmental stressors in most vegetation zones worldwide. Determining and monitoring this stressor is important because of the disturbances that occur during ...the burning of biomass in ecosystems, as well as because of the damage or suffering of organisms. In the last decade, a greater number of wildfires and burnt areas were recorded in Southern Europe and Montenegro. Therefore, it is important to develop optimal methodology and models to help in better management of forest protection against wildfire. The spatial component in firefighting plays a significant role in management. In this context, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) come to the fore, which analyze spatial data and turn it into useful information - models applied in practice. The study aims to geospatial assess condition of vegetation pre-wildfire and post-wildfire in study area of the Luštica peninsula in Montenegro during the summer of 2017. Open and publicly available Sentinel 2 satellite was used. The scaled index differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) of burned vegetation was applied as an indicator for assessing the state of vegetation after a wildfire in the open source software Quantum GIS (QGIS). The results of the damage assessment of the burned area based on the applied scaled index reveal that the category of low severity occupies an area of 335.86 ha (7%), moderately-low severity 250.13 ha (5%), moderately-high severity 406.22 ha (8%), high severity 238.03 ha (5%). The unburned areas occupy an area of 3624.95 ha (75%). This study contributes to assessing vegetation conditions and other accompanying activities pre-wildfire and post-wildfire using modern open-source geospatial tools.
This paper deals with the idea that one of the inner thermal insulation layers of a garment may be replaced by expanding the air chambers in the form of an expanding thermal insert, which is inflated ...with air causing the chamber thickness and thermal insulation properties to change. The chambers are controllable so that the thermal insulation properties can be changed, and by connecting with an appropriate control, the architecture of an article of clothing can be designed such that it can independently monitor changes in its environment and change its thermal insulation properties in accordance with changes in its external and internal environment. In this way, it acquires the characteristics of intelligent clothing.
The paper presents idea concepts, development, structural architecture and general characteristics of two generations of intelligent clothing with adaptive thermal insulation properties. The expanding thermal inserts are situated between the outer shell and the lining and are the key element of this type of new clothing. In the first generation of intelligent clothing the expanding inserts were designed in combination with three horizontal chambers that can be sealed in three horizontal layers, whereby it is possible to make six adaptable discontinuous levels of thermal insulation. In the second generation, ribbed expandable chambers were used. Their thickness is continuously changeable according to the pressure change in the chambers, whereby the value of thermal insulation of the chambers can be continuously adapted. The functioning of this clothing is based on the integration of sensors for internal and external temperature and air pressure in the chambers, on a microcontroller with regulation software and actuators to control the expanding insert. When wearing this kind of clothing, the microcontroller system monitors changes in ambient temperature and clothing microclimate depending on the wearer’s physical activity, compares them with the achieved thermal protection and makes autonomous decisions on the required increase or decrease in thermal protection. Since this clothing follows changes in its internal and external environment, estimates the real and necessary state, makes decisions and independently performs the adaptation of thermal insulation to a level that it ensures constant thermal comfort, it can be claimed that such a garment has the basic attributes of intelligent clothing.
The paper describes the functioning of two types of thermal insulation chambers, the sensor system used, micropneumatic components, the microcomputer system, the flow chart of the algorithm of intelligent behavior, the complete built-in architecture of all technical subsystems, features of the first and second generation and the observed good and bad points of the conceptual approach to the development of intelligent clothing with adaptive thermal insulation properties.
In the paper the efficacy of two different approaches for outlier detection in geodetic networks is analysed on a test example of a control network for geodetic monitoring of the Pobednik statue in ...the Kalemegdan Fortress in Belgrade by applying the mean success rate (MSR). Conventional tests and robust methods were applied for detecting outliers. The experimental results indicate that the new approach based on original observations provides higher efficiency of the applied methods than the classical approach for outlier detection in geodetic networks.
Inovacije i izumi pokretač su gospodarstva, a time i cijelog društva. To vrijedi od početka razvoja čovjeka do danas. Pri tome se isprepliću različiti pojmovi i često krivo koriste. U članku su ti ...pojmovi razjašnjeni, a posebna pažnja usmjerena je na izume i izumitelje kroz povijest. Ukazano je da prvi zakon o autorskim pravima i zaštiti patenata nije Statut engleske kraljice Anne iz 1710., već zakon u Mletačkoj Republici iz 1474. godine. Iako su u Italiji i ranije davane privilegije, odnosno zaštita izuma, ovaj u Mlecima je pisani zakon s precizno definiranim uputama u vezi priznavanja izuma. U radu su navedeni primjeri izumitelja iz povijesti koji to nisu, koji se i danas prihvaćaju kao da jesu. Ustanovljena je i korelacija između bruto domaćeg proizvoda (BDP) i broja patenata u nekoj državi. Prikazani su i problemi vezani za patentiranje, kao i malo poznati izumitelji u nedavnoj prošlosti Hrvatske.
Based on the current understanding of the term ‘invention’, this paper examines the originality of three of Faust Vrančić’s inventions. The first invention studied in the paper is the parachute; it ...is concluded that Faust did not invent it, but made an exceptional technical contribution to its design that is very similar to modern technical solutions. Since he is widely considered the inventor of the parachute, many will be surprised to learn that this is, in fact, not true. The second analysed invention, which is insufficiently publicised today, is Vrančić’s tide mill. His idea was not new, as it had been employed long before his lifetime, especially in Ireland and England. The innovation in Vrančić’s mill is the use of the bidirectional tidal current, with the water wheel being constructed in such a way as to always turn in the same direction regardless of the tidal current. The third innovation, involving Vrančić’s solution to the application of stators and rotors on windmills that enables harnessing the wind from any direction, is today used in turbines for various fluids (water, steam, gases).
U radu je istražena originalnost triju izuma Fausta Vrančića sa stajališta današnjega poimanja izuma. Prvi izum koji je u radu istražen jest padobran, za koji je utvrđeno da Faust nije njegov ...izumitelj, već da ga je iznimno dobro tehnički unaprijedio, koncepcijski vrlo blisko suvremenim rješenjima. S obzirom na to da se uz padobran posvuda veže njegovo ime, mnoge će iznenaditi činjenica da Vrančić nije njegov izumitelj. Drugi izum koji je analiziran, a danas se nedovoljno ističe, odnosi se na mlin na plimu i oseku. Ideja nije nova, koristila se davno u povijesti, posebno u Irskoj i Engleskoj. Inovacija u Vrančićevu mlinu jest uporaba dvosmjernoga strujanja mora, pri čemu konstrukcija okretnoga pogonskoga vodeničnoga kola omogućuje njegovo okretanje uvijek u istom smjeru, neovisno o smjeru strujanja mora. Treća inovacija, koja se odnosi na Vrančićevo rješenje primjene statora i rotora kod vjetrenjače koje omogućuje korištenje vjetra iz bilo kojega smjera, danas se koristi kod turbina za razne fluide (vodu, paru, plinove).
Based on the current understanding
of the term ‘invention’, this paper examines the originality of three of Faust
Vrančić’s inventions. The first invention studied in the paper is the
parachute; it is concluded that Faust did not invent it, but made an
exceptional technical contribution to its design that is very similar to modern
technical solutions. Since he is widely considered the inventor of the
parachute, many will be surprised to learn that this is, in fact, not true. The
second analysed invention, which is insufficiently publicised today, is
Vrančić’s tide mill. His idea was not new, as it had been employed long before
his lifetime, especially in Ireland and England. The innovation in Vrančić’s
mill is the use of the bidirectional tidal current, with the water wheel being
constructed in such a way as to always turn in the same direction regardless of
the tidal current. The third innovation, involving Vrančić’s solution to the
application of stators and rotors on windmills that enables harnessing the wind
from any direction, is today used in turbines for various fluids (water, steam,
gases).
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