A commercial three-layer particleboard served as model furniture for testing pretreatment with the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm.) over 9-, 12-, 16-, and 20-week periods based ...on the effects of reducing the enzymatic resistance of component cellulose. The effects of pretreatment were assessed based on Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the treated particleboards, wherein indexes (peaks and peak ratios) connected with parameters influencing enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis were analysed. The data were analysed in two ways: the measurement of peak heights in both primary spectra and deconvoluted spectra. The peak heights for the determination of the total crystallinity index (TCI) were measured according to narrow and broad baselines. Time and how indexes are calculated were found to be the main factors significantly influencing the values of indexes of pretreatment in most cases. Until week 9, P. ostreatus pretreatment seems to be advantageous for biofuel production, which was illustrated by decreases in the intensity of the 1735 and 1505 cm−1 peaks and A1505/A1735, A1505/A1375, A1505/A1158, and A1505/A896 ratios in addition to a reduction in crystallinity.
Rationale
Cyclic B‐type (referred also as crown) proanthocyanidins (PACs) were recently identified in wines. A high‐performance liquid chromatography/high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry ...(HPLC/HRMS/MS) method was applied to study the binding of cyclic and non‐cyclic PACs to potassium and calcium ions, which affect the chemico‐physical stability of wines. Different binding affinities suggest that cyclic and non‐cyclic analogues, despite the equal number of monomer units, influence the colloidal stability of wine and are related to the grape variety or winemaking conditions.
Methods
Nineteen red and white wines were analysed by HPLC/HRMS/MS with positive electrospray ionization to investigate the distribution of novel cyclic PACs and their calcium, potassium and sodium adducts. Principal components analysis was used to study the distribution of the wines and the relationships among PACs with and without cation complexes.
Results
A dependence on specific isomers (and conformations) was found for the non‐cyclic procyanidin (PC) trimer whereas the cyclic tetrameric PACs were shown to bind better to potassium than their non‐cyclic analogues. The binding to these metals appeared to be influenced not only by the number of monomer units, but also by the conformation assumed by the molecules. Statistical analysis evidenced that the distribution of adducts in different wines is less influenced by the grape variety used for winemaking than their associated M + H+ species studied earlier.
Conclusions
Wines from 19 grape varieties were investigated in order to identify potassium and calcium complexes of non‐ and cyclic B‐type PACs that were recently discovered. The results showed a dependence of the distribution of metal complexes according to the cyclic or non‐cyclic geometry of PACs. The multivariate analysis of the mass spectrometric results showed a relationship with the grape variety; however, this was not as straightforward as evidenced for the non‐complexed species.
A commercial three-layer particleboard served as model furniture for testing pretreatment with the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm.) over 9-, 12-, 16-, and 20-week periods based ...on the effects of reducing the enzymatic resistance of component cellulose. The effects of pretreatment were assessed based on Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the treated particleboards, wherein indexes (peaks and peak ratios) connected with parameters influencing enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis were analysed. The data were analysed in two ways: the measurement of peak heights in both primary spectra and deconvoluted spectra. The peak heights for the determination of the total crystallinity index (TCI) were measured according to narrow and broad baselines. Time and how indexes are calculated were found to be the main factors significantly influencing the values of indexes of pretreatment in most cases. Until week 9, P. ostreatus pretreatment seems to be advantageous for biofuel production, which was illustrated by decreases in the intensity of the 1735 and 1505 cmsup.−1 peaks and Asub.1505 /Asub.1735 , Asub.1505 /Asub.1375 , Asub.1505 /Asub.1158 , and Asub.1505 /Asub.896 ratios in addition to a reduction in crystallinity.
Environmental externalities and food security Obiedzinska, Agnieszka; Prandecki, Konrad; Buks, Joanna
Journal of agribusiness and rural development,
01/2016, Volume:
40, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest ocena znaczenia efektow zewnetrznych dla zapewnienia bezpieczenstwa zywnosciowego. W szczegolnosci podjeto rozwazania dotyczace uslug srodowiska, czyli procesow ...zazwyczaj niezauwazanych w procesach produkcji rolnej. Opracowanie ma charakter teoretyczny. Analize przeprowadzono na podstawie dostepnej literatury z zakresu bezpieczenstwa zywnosciowego, uslug srodowiska i teorii efektow zewnetrznych. Uzyskane wyniki wskazuja na istnienie wplywu efektow zewnetrznych na bezpieczenstwo zywnosciowe. Dotyczy to wszystkich czterech aspektow bezpieczenstwa zywnosciowego, tj. dostepnosci zywnosci, dostepu do zywnosci, wykorzystania zywnosci oraz stabilnosci dostepnosci zywnosci i dostepu do zywnosci w czasie. Ponadto relacja ta obejmuje zarowno dodatnie efekty zewnetrzne dostarczane przez srodowisko oraz konsumowane przez rolnictwo i gospodarstwo domowe, jak i ujemne efekty bedace skutkiem produkcji rolnej, ktore niekorzystnie wplywaja na srodowisko.//The aim of this study is to evaluate the significance of externalities in order to ensure food security. Particular attention has been paid to environmental services, which are often unnoticed in agricultural production processes. The study is theoretical in nature. The analysis was based on the available literature on food security, environmental services, and the theory of externalities. The results indicate that externalities affect food security. This concerns all four pillars of food security: food availability, food access, food utilization, and stability of supply and access over time. Furthermore, the relationship includes both, the positive externalities provided by the environment and used by agriculture and households, as well as the negative externalities resulting from agricultural production, which adversely affect the environment. web URL: http://www.jard.edu.pl/tom40/zeszyt2/streszczenie-739.html
Wpływ strat i marnotrawstwa żywności na bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe Obiedzińska, Agnieszka
Zeszyty Naukowe Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego/Scientific Journal Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW. Problems of World Agriculture,
03/2017, Volume:
17, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Open access
Powstające straty i marnotrawstwo żywności (SMŻ) są wynikiem nieefektywnego funkcjonowania systemów żywnościowych. W zależności od wolumenu czy regionu, w którym występują generują one skutki ...ekonomiczne, społeczne, środowiskowe oraz zdrowotne. W pracy przeprowadzono analizę dostępnej polskiej i zagranicznej literatury naukowej dotyczącej problematyki bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego oraz strat i marnotrawstwa żywności. Straty i marnotrawstwo żywności generują wiele negatywnych skutków, które mogą bezpośrednio bądź pośrednio wpływać na 4 filary bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego: dostępność żywności, dostęp do żywności, wykorzystanie żywności oraz stabilność dostępności i dostępu do żywności w czasie. Wiele działań jest podejmowanych w celu prewencji bądź zminimalizowania generowanych strat i marnotrawstwa. Z drugiej strony już powstałe straty czy zmarnowana żywność może być wykorzystana m.in. do redystrybucji bądź powtórnego wykorzystania żywności bądź jej składników, co może przyczyniać się do zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego.
Cyclic B-type (referred also as crown) proanthocyanidins were recently identified in wines. An HPLC-HRMS/MS method was applied to study the binding of cyclic and non-cyclic PAC to potassium and ...calcium ions, which affect the chemico-physical stability of wines. Different binding affinities suggest that cyclic and non-cyclic analogues, despite the equal number of monomer units, influence the colloidal stability of wine and are related to the grape variety or winemaking conditions.
Nineteen red and white wines were analysed by HPLC high resolution tandem mass spectrometry with positive electrospray ionization to investigate the distribution of novel cyclic proanthocyanidins and their calcium, potassium and sodium adducts. Principal Component Analysis was used to study the distribution of the wines and the relationships among proanthocyanidins with and without cation complexes.
A dependence on specific isomers (and conformations) was found for the non-cyclic procyanidin (PC) trimer whereas the cyclic tetrameric PAC were shown to bind better to potassium than their non-cyclic analogues. The binding to these metals appeared to be influenced not only be the number of monomer units but also by the conformation assumed by the molecules. Statistical analysis evidenced that the adducts distribution in different wines is less influenced by the grape variety used for winemaking than their associated M+H
species studied earlier.
Wines from 19 grape varieties were investigated in order to identify potassium and calcium complexes of non- and cyclic B-type proanthocyanidins that were recently discovered. The results showed a dependence of the distribution of metal complexes according to the cyclic or non cyclic geometry of proanthocyanidins. The multivariate analysis of the mass spectrometric results showed a relationship with the grape variety, however not so straightforward as evidenced for the non-complexed species.
ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES AND FOOD SECURITY Joanna Buks; Agnieszka Obiedzińska; Konrad Prandecki
Journal of agribusiness and rural development,
06/2016, Volume:
2, Issue:
40
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The aim of this study is to evaluate the signifi cance of externalities in order to ensure food security. Particular attention has been paid to environmental services, which are often unnoticed in ...agricultural production processes. The study is theoretical in nature. The analysis was based on the available literature on food security, environmental services, and the theory of externalities. The results indicate that externalities aff ect food security. This concerns all four pillars of food security: food availability, food access, food utilization, and stability of supply and access over time. Furthermore, the relationship includes both, the positive externalities provided by the environment and used by agriculture and households, as well as the negative externalities resulting from agricultural production, which adversely aff ect the environment.
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