The question of why some countries have democratic regimes and others do not is a significant issue in comparative politics. This book looks at India and Pakistan, two countries with clearly ...contrasting political regime histories, and presents an argument on why India is a democracy and Pakistan is not. Focusing on the specificities and the nuances of each state system, the author examines in detail the balance of authority and power between popular or elected politicians and the state apparatus through substantial historical analysis.
India and Pakistan are both large, multi-religious and multi-lingual countries sharing a geographic and historical space that in 1947, when they became independent from British rule, gave them a virtually indistinguishable level of both extreme poverty and inequality. All of those factors militate against democracy, according to most theories, and in Pakistan democracy did indeed fail very quickly after Independence. It has only been restored as a façade for military-bureaucratic rule for brief periods since then. In comparison, after almost thirty years of democracy, India had a brush with authoritarian rule, in the 1975-76 Emergency, and some analysts were perversely reassured that the India exception had been erased. But instead, after a momentous election in 1977, democracy has become stronger over the last thirty years.
Providing a comparative analysis of the political systems of India and Pakistan as well as a historical overview of the two countries, this textbook constitutes essential reading for students of South Asian History and Politics. It is a useful and balanced introduction to the politics of India and Pakistan.
1. Introduction: Why India is a Democracy and Pakistan is not (yet?) a Democracy Part 1 : The First Thirty Years of Independence 2. Inheritances of Colonial rule 3. Constitutional & Political Choices, in the initial years 4. Institutionalizing Democracy 5. Who (Really) Governs? Part 2: From 1977 to the present 6. 1977 as a Turning Point? 7. Religion as an Explanation 8. External Influences 9. Clearly Diverging Paths 10. Prospects for Path Convergence in the Next Decades 11. Conclusion
Philip Oldenburg is a Research Scholar at the South Asia Institute of Columbia University, where he has taught political science since 1977. He has done field research in India on local self-government, and on national elections and has been editor or co-editor of ten books in the India Briefing series.
'This book deals with a most interesting and rather unexplored problem: why has India become a robust democracy and Pakistan ended up by being a military-ruled country while both of them share similar cultural features and emerged from the same history (including the colonial experience)?
Philip Oldenburg has not only chosen an excellent topic, he is also very well informed and gets his facts right. To present such an ambitious comparison in this format is a tour de force.' -- Christophe Jaffrelot, Senior Research Fellow CNRS, France
'This fine book, full of insight and wisdom, reflects Philip Oldenburg’s long scholarly engagement with the study of South Asian politics, and offers a magisterial synthesis of a wide literature in developing what will surely stand as the definitive comparative analysis of the political systems of India and Pakistan.' -- John Harriss, School for International Studies, Simon Fraser University, Canada
'This is the first major attempt to solve the puzzle of democratic divergence by looking at two countries with near-identical cultural, political, and social origins. Dr. Oldenburg's book is uniquely informed by deep familiarity with both India and Pakistan, and by a solid grasp of the relevant scholarly literature. It is a landmark in both regional studies and comparative political analysis, and will inform all future work on the democratization process.' -- Stephen P. Cohen, Brookings Institution, USA
"It's impossible for this review to do full justice to this richly-detailed, cool-headed, well-grounded must read for anyone interested in South Asia--or in the study of democracy." -- Patricia Lee Sharpe, Whirled View
"The book is carefully researched, well documented, and clearly argued...Policy analysts, journalists, and students interested in the contemporary politics of India and Pakistan will benefit considerably from a careful perusal of this book." -- Sumit Ganguly, H-Asia
"This book offers a nuanced assessment which shows that while India and Pakistan have not converged on an authoritarian model, they have much in common... Thoughtful questions are asked, difficult issues considered and a large amount of material is synthesised. Scholars, students and teachers alike will find this book very useful." - Andrew Wyatt, University of Bristol, UK; Pacific Affairs: Volume 85, No. 2 - June 2012
Growing numbers of patients with T1 CRC are being treated with local endoscopic resection only and as a result, the need for optimization of surveillance strategies for these patients also increases. ...We aimed to estimate the cumulative incidence and time pattern of CRC recurrences for endoscopically treated patients with T1 CRC.
Using a systematic literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library (from inception till 15 May 2020), we identified and extracted data from studies describing the cumulative incidence of local or distant CRC recurrence for patients with T1 CRC treated with local endoscopic resection only. Pooled estimates were calculated using mixed-effect logistic regression models.
Seventy-one studies with 5167 unique, endoscopically treated patients with T1 CRC were included. The pooled cumulative incidence of any CRC recurrence was 3.3% (209 events; 95% CI, 2.6%-4.3%; I2 = 54.9%), with local and distant recurrences being found at comparable rates (pooled incidences 1.9% and 1.6%, respectively). CRC-related mortality was observed in 42 out of 2519 patients (35 studies; pooled incidence 1.7%, 95% CI, 1.2%-2.2%; I2 = 0%), and the CRC-related mortality rate among patients with recurrence was 40.8% (42/103 patients). The vast majority of recurrences (95.6%) occurred within 72 months of follow-up. Pooled incidences of any CRC recurrence were 7.0% for high-risk T1 CRCs (28 studies; 95% CI, 4.9%-9.9%; I2 = 48.1%) and 0.7% (36 studies; 95% CI, 0.4%-1.2%; I2 = 0%) for low-risk T1 CRCs.
Our meta-analysis provides quantitative outcome measures which are relevant to guidelines on surveillance after local endoscopic resection of T1 CRC.
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India Briefing Ayres, Alyssa; Oldenburg, Philip
09/2016, Volume:
4
eBook
Since 2001, India has gained new attention as an emerging world power with a rapidly growing economy, a world-class science and technology sector, and a huge English-speaking labor pool. After a ...period of escalating tension with neighbor Pakistan, wide-ranging peace talks are underway. Within India, there is an unprecedented mood of optimism about the future. At the same time, the nation wrestles with difficult questions about the place of secularism in society, the role it sees for itself globally and within Asia, and the reality that millions of Indians still live at the subsistence level. This volume of India Briefing examines India's changing fortunes through chapters that cover the economy; the twists and turns of domestic politics; labor in the large informal sector; the cultural roots of Hindu nationalism; the foreign relations rollercoaster; the business of Bollywood; and a special chapter on the range of new resources about India available on the web.
Foreword; Map of South Asia; Map of India; Introduction. India Briefing: Takeoff at Last? - Philip K. Oldenburg and Alyssa Ayres; Politics: The BJP Falls from Power - Niraja Gopal Jayal; Indian Economy: New Pathways to Growth and Development - Isher Judge Ahluwalia; India's International Relations: The Search for Stability, Space, and Strength - Amitabh Mattoo; The Cultural Background of Hindutva, Richard H. Davis; Work and Wealth - Renana Jhabvala; The Business of Bollywood - Manjeet Kripalani; Downloading India: A Guide to Online Resources - Mary Rader; A Chronology - Irawati Parnerkar; Abbreviations and Glossary; About the Contributors; Index.
Samenvatting
De stent-on-string is een dubbel-J-katheter die de patiënt zelf kan verwijderen, als alternatief voor verwijdering met behulp van cystoscopie. Het doel van dit onderzoek is het in kaart ...brengen van luxaties, verblijfstijd en klachtenpatroon bij zelfverwijdering. Hiertoe is bij 60 patiënten nagegaan hoe en wanneer de stent-on-string is verwijderd en hoe de stent verdragen is. 42 stents (70,0%) werden op de aangegeven dag verwijderd. 46 patiënten (76,7%) deden dit zelf; vijf patiënten (8,3%) lukte het niet. In twee gevallen (3,3%) was een cystoscopie noodzakelijk. Vijf patiënten (8,3%) vermeldden hevige klachten. Inclusie vond plaats in twee fasen, waarbij in fase 2 een evidente aanpassing werd gezien in geïncludeerde patiënten. Het gebruik van een stent-on-string leidt tot een vermindering van het aantal cystoscopieën, een beperkt aantal vroegtijdige luxaties en in de meeste gevallen ervaart de patiënt geen tot milde klachten. Ervaring met de techniek lijkt te leiden tot minder luxaties en meer zelfverwijderingen.
Background
T1 rectal cancer (RC) patients are increasingly being treated by local resection alone but uniform surveillance strategies thereafter are lacking. To determine whether different local ...resection techniques influence the risk of recurrence and cancer-related mortality, a meta-analysis was performed.
Methods
A systematic search was conducted for T1RC patients treated with local surgical resection. The primary outcome was the risk of RC recurrence and RC-related mortality. Pooled estimates were calculated using mixed-effect logistic regression. We also systematically searched and evaluated endoscopically treated T1RC patients in a similar manner.
Results
In 2585 unique T1RC patients (86 studies) undergoing local surgical resection, the overall pooled cumulative incidence of recurrence was 9.1% (302 events, 95% CI 7.3–11.4%;
I
2
= 68.3%). In meta-regression, the recurrence risk was associated with histological risk status (
p
< 0.005; low-risk 6.6%, 95% CI 4.4–9.7% vs. high-risk 28.2%, 95% CI 19–39.7%) and local surgical resection technique (
p
< 0.005; TEM/TAMIS 7.7%, 95% CI 5.3–11.0% vs. other local surgical excisions 10.8%, 95% CI 6.7–16.8%). In 641 unique T1RC patients treated with flexible endoscopic excision (16 studies), the risk of recurrence (7.7%, 95% CI 5.2–11.2%), cancer-related mortality (2.3%, 95% CI 1.1–4.9), and cancer-related mortality among patients with recurrence (30.0%, 95% CI 14.7–49.4%) were comparable to outcomes after TEM/TAMIS (risk of recurrence 7.7%, 95% CI 5.3–11.0%, cancer-related mortality 2.8%, 95% CI 1.2–6.2% and among patients with recurrence 35.6%, 95% CI 21.9–51.2%).
Conclusions
Patients with T1 rectal cancer may have a significantly lower recurrence risk after TEM/TAMIS compared to other local surgical resection techniques. After TEM/TAMIS and endoscopic resection the recurrence risk, cancer-related mortality and cancer-related mortality among patients with recurrence were comparable. Recurrence was mainly dependent on histological risk status.
Graphical abstract
The 2013 election in Pakistan was a significant point in a presumed transition from autocracy towards democracy, since for the first time an elected government completed a full term and was replaced ...by another freely elected government. Pakistan's hybrid regime, however, continues to be threatened by a significant 'disloyal opposition', in the form of secessionists in Balochistan and jihadi Islamists of the Tehrik-e-Taliban (the so-called Pakistan Taliban). Drawing on the literature on hybrid regimes, and using Juan Linz's framework that focused on both 'disloyal' and 'semi-loyal' oppositions to democratic rule, this article examines the threat to a continuing movement towards democracy posed by secessionists, Islamists, and the military.
Susanne and Lloyd Rudolph died within 1 month of each other; until literally weeks before their deaths, they were working on publishing on last thing - letters sent home from India on their lengthy ...trips there. The first trip was in 1956-1957, when they divided their time between Jaipur and the then Madras state, and the last was in 2014, when they were awarded the Padma Bhushan. They have left a very large legacy of books, scholarly articles and essays for a wider public, and, as important, a cohort of students (they formally advised 300 or so PhD students, perhaps a third of whom studied in India) and many more who were their honorary students. They welcomed interacting with other scholars to whom they gave their time and careful attention. Most were influenced by the Rudolphs' perspective on Indian politics, but they never formed a 'school' of 'Rudolphians'. Rather, they learned the craft of doing research, the necessity of constantly taking seriously others' ideas and approaches from every discipline and the value of a commitment to what the Rudolphs, describing 'area studies', called 'situated knowledge': knowledge that is located and marked by time and place circumstance,... unlike the objective knowledge on offer by those who adhere to a universal social science epistemology based on... a science which purports to be true everywhere and always. Unlike such theory-driven social science knowledge, area studies knowledge tends to be problem-driven and more prone to inductive generalization than to deductive reasoning.
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