Substantial progress has been made in ethanol fermentation technology under high gravity (HG) and very high gravity (VHG), which offer environmental and economic benefits. HG and VHG processes ...increase the productivity of ethanol, reduce distillation costs, and enable higher yields. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of sugarcane molasses as the medium component along with flocculating yeasts for fermentation in a fed-batch process employing this promising technology. We evaluated fed-batch fermentation, HG, and VHG involving a molasses-based medium with high concentrations of reducing sugars (209, 222, and 250 g/L). Fermentation of 222 g/L of total reducing sugars achieved 89.45% efficiency, with a final ethanol concentration of 104.4 g/L, whereas the highest productivity (2.98 g/(L.h)) was achieved with the fermentation of 209 g/L of total reducing sugars. The ethanol concentration achieved with the fermentation of 222 g/L of total reducing sugars was close to the value obtained for
P
’
max
(105.35 g/L). The kinetic model provided a good fit to the experimental data regarding the fermentation of 222 g/L. The results revealed that sugarcane molasses and flocculating yeasts can be efficiently used in HG fermentation to reduce the costs of the process and achieve high ethanol titers.
Coffee fermentation process: A review Janne Carvalho Ferreira, Ludmilla; de Souza Gomes, Matheus; Maciel de Oliveira, Liliane ...
Food research international,
July 2023, 2023-Jul, 2023-07-00, 20230701, Volume:
169
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Coffee fermentation process to specialty coffee production.
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•Coffee fermentation is a multifactorial and rudimentary process.•Fermentation must be considered a separate step in coffee ...processing.•The fermentation protocols can help variables control and reproducibility of results.•Oxygen availability should be a controlled variable during coffee processing.•Starter cultures can promote changes in epiphytic microbiota during fermentation.
In recent years, the importance of controlling coffee fermentation in the final quality of the beverage has been recognized. The literature review was conducted in the Science Direct and Springer databases, considering studies published in the last ten years, 74 references were selected. Several studies have been developed to evaluate and propose fermentation conditions that result in sensory improvements in coffee. So, this review aims to describe detailed the different protocols for conducting the coffee fermentation step and how they could influence the sensory quality of coffee based on the Specialty Coffee Association protocol. We propose a new way to identify coffee post-harvest processing not based on the already known wet, dry and semi-dry processing. The new identification is focused on considering fermentation as a step influenced by the coffee fruit treatment, availability of oxygen, water addition, and starter culture utilization. The findings of this survey showed that each type of coffee fermentation protocol can influence the microbiota development and consequently the coffee beverage. There is a migration from the use of processes in open environments to closed environments with controlled anaerobic conditions. However, it is not possible yet to define a single process capable of increasing coffee quality or developing a specific sensory pattern in any environmental condition. The use of starter cultures plays an important role in the sensory differentiation of coffee and can be influenced by the fermentation protocol applied. The application of fermentation protocols well defined is essential in order to have a good product also in terms of food safety. More research is needed to develop and implement environmental control conditions, such as temperature and aeration, to guarantee the reproducibility of the results.
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Coffee fermentation process influences the final coffee composition and the sensory aspects which define the quality of the beverage. In this study, coffee fruits underwent ...spontaneous self-induced anaerobic fermentation using samples with two percentages of immature fruits in submerged and solid-state processing. The effects on the physicochemical composition and sensory quality of coffees were evaluated.
The two percentages of immature fruits corresponded to 11.0 and 0.3% of unripe fruits. The percentage of immature fruits significantly altered the initial content of sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose), ash, and titratable acidity. The water addition during the fermentative process did not significantly influence final moisture, proteins, citric acid, and propionic acid concentrations. Compared to the solid-state, the submerged process gave rise to coffees with lower concentrations of ethanol, glycerol, ash, lipids, succinic, and acetic acids. Coffee fermented with 0.3% of immature fruits showed higher lactic acid production in submerged fermentation (67.44 mg/g), and higher concentrations of ethanol (42.84 mg/g) and glycerol (1.68 mg/g) in solid-state fermentation. All coffees produced were classified as specialty coffees with a score above 84 points. However, the submerged fermented coffee with 11% immature fruit stood out with notes of caramel, brown sugar, honey, orange, lemon, floral, nut, yellow and red fruits.
This study confirmed that spontaneous fermentation can be used to produce specialty coffees. Differentiation in sensory attributes can be achieved through the addition of water and varying the percentage of green fruits during the fermentation process. Up to 11% of immature fruits did not compromise coffee quality.
How to cite: Ferreira LJC, Casé IN, Bertarini PLL, et al. Impact of immature coffee fruits and water addition during spontaneous fermentation process: Chemical composition and sensory profile. Electron J Biotechnol 2024;69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2024.04.001.
This study aimed to evaluate the influence coffee fermentation with yeast and bacillus as starter cultures in SIAF method applied in solid-state and submerged process. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and ...Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were separately and coinoculated into natural coffee in buckets with or without water adding. The fermentations were performed for until 96 h, and the effects on physicochemical composition including the concentrations of organic acids (citric, lactic, acetic, malic), sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose), ethanol, and glycerol as well as the sensory profiles of the resulting coffee beverages, were evaluated. All coffees produced were classified in specialty coffee with final score above 84. The coinoculated coffees obtained the highest sensory scores in submerged process (>86). Due to the results found, the type of process, submerged and solid-state, showed more influence in chemical and sensory analyses than type of inoculation. Submerged process showed major concentration of lactic acid, while solid-state process promotes major concentrations of ethanol, glycerol and acetic acid. Different sensory descriptions were observed in each treatment. Coffees from the submerged process showed nutty, cocoa, and sweet sensory descriptions, while solid-state process produced coffees with sour and acidic attributes.
•The coinoculated coffees obtained the highest sensory scores in submerged process.•The type of process showed more influence in chemical and sensory analyses.•The addition of water is an important evaluation parameter for coffee fermentation.
Anxiety symptoms are frequently observed in dental patients, whether they are undergoing simple or more invasive procedures such as surgery. This research aimed to compare the effects of Passiflora ...incarnata and midazolam for the control of anxiety in patients undergoing mandibular third molar extraction.
Forty volunteers underwent bilateral extraction of their mandibular third molars in a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover clinical trial. Passiflora incarnata (260 mg) or midazolam (15 mg) were orally administered 30 minutes before surgery. The anxiety level of participants was evaluated by questionnaires and measurement of physical parameters, including heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and oxygen saturation (SpO2).
Considering each procedure independently, there were no significant differences between the protocols in BP, HR, and SpO2. Over 70% of the volunteers responded that they felt quiet or a little anxious under both protocols. With midazolam, 20% of the participants reported amnesia (not remembering anything at all), while Passiflora showed little or no ability to interfere with memory formation.
Passiflora incarnata showed an anxiolytic effect similar to midazolam, and was safe and effective for conscious sedation in adult patients who underwent extraction of their mandibular third molars.
Microbiota of arabica coffee: insights from soil to fruit Costa, Gisele Xavier Ribeiro; Silva, Lívia Carneiro Fidélis; de Oliveira, Liliane Maciel ...
World journal of microbiology & biotechnology,
10/2024, Volume:
40, Issue:
10
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Studies have shown that a diverse and metabolically active microbiota exists throughout different stages of coffee processing, from pre- to post-harvest. This microbiota originates from both the ...cultivation and processing environments. Additionally, microorganisms from the soil can be found on the fruit due to the transfer between them. This study reviews the microbiota present in Arabica coffee fruits and the soils where the plants are grown. It examines how microbial profiles are related to coffee variety, altitude, cultivation region, and processing method, and establishes a connection between the microbiota in soil and fruit. A diverse microbiota was observed in both coffee fruits and soils, with similar microorganisms identified across different growing regions, processing methods, and coffee varieties. However, exclusive detections of some microorganisms were also observed. These differences highlight the influence of terroir on coffee’s microbial composition, confirming that environmental conditions, genetic factors, and processing methods shape coffee microbiota. Since microbial development during coffee fermentation can affect the beverage’s quality, the data presented in this review offer valuable insights for researchers and producers. Understanding the influence of processing methods, coffee varieties, and cultivation regions on coffee microbiota enables the selection of specific fermentation conditions or starter cultures to enhance terroir characteristics or adjust microbial populations to favor or introduce microorganisms beneficial for coffee quality.
Graphical abstract
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Previous issue date: 2013-04-29
Universidade ...Federal de Sao Carlos
Cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics which are widely used in the treatment of bacterial infections. Within this group, cephamycin C (CefC) stands out from the others cephalosporins antibiotics due to its greater resistance to β-lactamases enzymes and its broader spectrum of action against Gram-negative pathogens. It is produced by the bacteria Nocardia lactamdurans and Streptomyces clavuligerus, usually in submerged fermentation. In the literature, the available information about the purification processes of this antibiotic are restricted to patents or papers published in the past decades. As cefC is the raw material for the production of important semi-synthetic antibiotics and due to the lack of scientifically substantiated information about its separation and purification processes, the motivation for the development of this thesis has arisen. Then, the aim of this thesis was to study the purification process of CefC produced by S. clavuligerus, by using the processes of adsorption and ion exchange in fixed bed columns. The techniques of adsorption and ion exchange present themselves as good strategies for CefC purification due to the amphoteric nature of the antibiotic molecule, which has positive or negative charges depending on the environmental pH, and the bicyclic nucleus in its structure, which allows the interaction with hydrophobic structures. As there is no chemical standard of cefC available on the market, in this study we have only used culture broth containing this antibiotic. The adsorbents evaluated were the neutral resins Amberlite XAD4 and Amberlite XAD16 and the anionic resin Q Sepharose XL. At first, ion exchange column experiments using the resin QXL were carried out. The results showed that the variation of the flow rate in the range of 2.5 mL/min to 7.5 mL/min did not affect the efficiencies of product recovery nor of bed utilization, and it did not interfere with the bioactive compounds elution. The isocratic elution modes using 0.1% or 1% NaCl (w / v) were able to separate cefC from other (s) compound (s) with antimicrobial activity present in the broth, which were not identified. But the use of 1% NaCl solution promoted the antibiotic recovery in a shorter process time and smaller volume than using 0.1 % NaCl solution. After analysis by mass spectrometry, carried out by ESI ionization in the positive mode, it was observed that the ion exchange process with QXL resin followed by adsorption on a C18 SPE cartridge were able to separate cefC from compound (s) whose molecules after ionization acquired m/z ratios corresponding to the lysine s molecule, and they also reduced the concentration of contaminants with m/z ratios corresponding to the molecules of penicillin N, deacetylcephalosporin C and deacetoxycephalosporin C. As the ion exchange studies were done, the adsorption studies using the neutral resins were initiated. At first, adsorption isotherms of cefC on XAD4 and XAD16 resins were obtained, and the effects of pH and temperature in the adsorption equilibrium were evaluated. The results showed that the broth pH had strong influence on the adsorption and the best condition was observed at pH 2.6 at 15° C. The kinetic experiments have shown that equilibrium is reached more quickly on the resin XAD16. Estimation of intrinsic kinetic parameters and mass transfer coefficients returned higher values for this resin. The column adsorption processes with XAD4 resin, when the column feed consisted of the ultrafiltered or clarified broth and the elution solutions were 1% or 5% (v/v) EtOH solutions, did not lead to separation of cefC from contaminants that were monitored in the experiments. But when the feed consisted of a preAbstract iv purified fraction, obtained in the ion exchange column with QXL resin, added with cephalosporin C, it was possible to separate the two antibiotics. Cephalosporin C was added to simulate the presence of some contaminants in the culture broth - deacetylcephalosporin C and deacetoxycephalosporin C. As these contaminants are in very low concentrations and there are not commercial chemical standards available to purchase, neither an analytical methodology to quantify them, it was decided to add cephalosporin C, whose chemical structure is very similar to the contaminants, the commercial standard is commercially available and there is a quantification method to determinate it. The column experiments with resin XAD16 showed similar results to the experiments with resin XAD4, in which it was also observed the separation of cefC from cephalosporin C. The moment analysis of the chromatographic peaks showed that cefC average retention times and peak dispersions were smaller in the column assays with XAD16 than with XAD4. Thus, a more concentrated fraction containing cefC was obtained in the column experiments with XAD16 resin. Therefore, it was demonstrated by the purification processes studied that the techniques of adsorption and ion exchange were effective in the purification of cefC in relation to contaminants that are difficult to separate
As cefalosporinas são antibióticos β-lactâmicos muito utilizados no tratamento de infecções bacterianas. Dentro do grupo, a cefamicina C (cefC) se destaca devido a sua maior resistência à ação das β-lactamases bacterianas e ao seu maior espectro de ação contra patógenos Gramnegativos. Ela é produzida pelas bactérias Nocardia lactamdurans e Streptomyces clavuligerus, geralmente em cultivos submersos. Na literatura, as informações existentes sobre os processos de purificação deste antibiótico estão disponíveis apenas em patentes ou em artigos publicados em décadas passadas. Sendo um composto que é matéria-prima para produção de antibióticos semissintéticos de grande importância clínica e comercial, e devido à falta de informações fundamentadas cientificamente sobre os processos de separação e purificação deste antibiótico, surgiu a motivação para o desenvolvimento desta tese. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a purificação da cefC produzida por S. clavuligerus, utilizando o processo de adsorção e troca iônica em colunas de leito fixo. As técnicas de adsorção e troca iônica apresentam-se como uma boa estratégia para purificação da cefC devido à natureza anfótera da molécula do antibiótico, que possui cargas positivas ou negativas dependendo do pH do meio, e ao núcleo bicíclico em sua estrutura, que permite a interação com estruturas hidrofóbicas. Como não há o padrão da cefC disponível no mercado, neste estudo trabalhou-se apenas com o caldo de cultivo. Os adsorventes avaliados foram as resinas neutras Amberlite XAD4 e Amberlite XAD16 e a resina de troca iônica Q Sepharose XL. Inicialmente, foram realizados experimentos em coluna de troca iônica com a resina QXL. Os resultados destes ensaios mostraram que a variação da vazão no intervalo de 2,5 mL/min a 7,5 mL/min não alterou as eficiências de recuperação do produto e de utilização do leito, nem interferiram na eluição dos compostos bioativos. A eluição no modo isocrático com solução de NaCl 1% (m/v) possibilitou a separação da cefC de outro(s) composto(s) com atividade antimicrobiana presentes no caldo, mas não identificados, e promoveu uma recuperação do antibiótico em um tempo menor de processo e em um volume menor de solução que a eluição com NaCl 0,1%. Após análise por espectrometria de massas, com ionização feita por ESI no modo positivo, observou-se que o processo de troca iônica seguido da adsorção em cartucho de SPE C18 foi capaz de separar a cefC de composto(s) com a razão m/z correspondente à lisina, e diminuir a concentração de contaminantes presentes no caldo cujas moléculas apresentaram, após ionização, razão m/z correspondentes à das moléculas de penicilina N, desacetilcefalosporina C e desacetoxicefalosporina C. Finalizados os experimentos de troca iônica, iniciaram-se os estudos de adsorção utilizando as resinas neutras. Os primeiros experimentos consistiram na determinação de isotermas de adsorção da cefC nas resinas XAD4 e XAD16, avaliando a influência do pH e da temperatura no equilíbrio de adsorção. Os resultados mostraram que o pH do caldo teve drástica influência na adsorção, sendo que a melhor condição observada foi no valor de pH 2,6 à 15°C. Os ensaios cinéticos mostraram que o equilíbrio é atingido mais rapidamente na resina XAD16. A estimativa dos parâmetros cinéticos intrínsecos e de transferência de massa retornaram valores maiores para esta resina. O processo de adsorção em coluna com a resina XAD4, quando a alimentação da coluna consistiu do caldo ultrafiltrado ou clarificado e a eluição foi feita com as soluções de EtOH 1% ou 5% (v/v), não levou à separação da cefC dos contaminantes que Resumo ii foram monitorados nos ensaios. Mas quando a alimentação foi feita com uma fração prépurificada, oriunda da troca iônica, adicionada de cefalosporina C, foi possível obter a separação dos dois antibióticos. A cefalosporina C foi adicionada para simular a presença de alguns contaminantes presentes no caldo de cultivo a desacetilcefalosporina C e desacetoxicefalosporina C. Como estes contaminantes estão em concentrações muito baixas e não existem os padrões comerciais disponíveis para serem adquiridos, nem metodologia analítica para quantificá-los, optou-se por adicionar cefalosporina C, cuja estrutura química é bem similar à dos contaminantes, existe o padrão comercial para ser adquirido e possui um método de quantificação. Os experimentos em coluna com a resina XAD16 mostraram resultados similares aos experimentos com a resina XAD4, nos quais também foi observada a separação entre a cefC e a cefalosporina C. Após análise dos momentos dos picos cromatográficos, verificou-se que a cefC apresentou tempos de retenção médios menores n
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Universidade ...Federal de Sao Carlos
Clavulanic acid and cephamycin C are ϐ-lactam compounds, an important group of drugs used in the treatment of several bacterial diseases, and are simultaneously produced by the bacteria Streptomyces clavuligerus. Similarly to any secondary metabolite, the production of these compounds can be controlled by the intracellular concentration of precursors and cofactors, and their availability to be used in the secondary metabolism depends directly on the nutritional composition changes in the culture media. Based on these facts, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of some carbon and nitrogen sources on clavulanic acid (CA) and cephamycin C (CefC) production by S. clavuligerus, and to propose a kinetic model able to represent the influence of these compounds on the behavior of this bioprocess. The fermentation runs were carried out in shakers, using synthetic media, combining glycerol, maltose, asparagine, proline, glutamic acid and ornithine. The results showed that both carbon and nitrogen sources were limitants. The fermentations with media containing maltose gave the highest CA and CefC productions, but the bacterial growth was lower. On the other hand, the fermentations with the media containing glycerol gave a higher bacterial growth and lower production, except for the fermentation using the media composed by glycerol, proline and ornithine, that gave the lowest growth and CA production, and there was no CefC production. The aditition of glutamic acid in the medium containing maltose and asparagine, and the aditition of more asparagine in this same medium favored the bacterial growth, but have no effect on production. The glutamic acid effect on the growth was more intense than that of asparagine. Based on the obtained results, a kinetic model describing the growth, CA and CefC production was proposed. The adjustment of the model to the experimental data was made in six different fermentations. The model had a good adjustment to four of all the media tested, and was able to represent the bioprocess within the conditions studied in this work.
O ácido clavulânico e a cefamicina C são compostos -lactâmicos, um importante grupo de medicamentos utilizados no tratamento de doenças bacterianas, e são produzidos simultaneamente pela bactéria Streptomyces clavuligerus. Como qualquer metabólito secundário, a produção destes compostos pode ser controlada pela concentração intracelular de precursores e cofatores, e a sua disponibilidade para uso no metabolismo secundário responde diretamente a mudanças na concentração de nutrientes presentes no meio de cultura. Baseado nestas informações, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar como certas fontes de carbono e nitrogênio afetam a produção do ácido clavulânico (AC) e cefamicina C (CefC) por S. clavuligerus, e desenvolver um modelo cinético que possa descrever matematicamente a influência destes componentes no bioprocesso. Para isso, foram realizados cultivos em mesa incubadora rotativa, usando meios sintéticos constituídos da combinação de glicerol, maltose, asparagina, prolina, ácido glutâmico e ornitina. Os resultados dos cultivos mostraram que tanto as fontes de carbono e energia quanto as fontes de nitrogênio foram limitantes. Os cultivos em meios com maltose apresentaram as maiores produções de AC e CefC, mas um menor crescimento. Um comportamento contrário foi observado nos cultivos com os meios contendo glicerol. O cultivo realizado no meio contendo glicerol, prolina e ornitina foi o que apresentou menor crescimento e produção de AC, e nenhuma produção de CefC. O ácido glutâmico favoreceu o crescimento no meio com maltose e asparagina, mas não alterou a produção. O aumento da concentração de asparagina no meio com maltose e asparagina também favoreceu o crescimento, mas também não apresentou nenhum efeito sobre o crescimento e produção. Baseado nos resultados obtidos, foi proposto um modelo matemático que descrevesse o crescimento e a produção de AC e CefC nos meios utilizados. O ajuste foi feito em seis meios diferentes. O modelo apresentou um bom ajuste aos dados experimentais para quatro dos meios estudados e foi capaz de representar o bioprocesso nas condições testadas neste trabalho.
Sepsis is an organ dysfunction syndrome associated with high mortality. To date, no effective treatment is available to combat this disease. Punica granatum L. is a potential alternative treatment ...due to its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of a hydroalcoholic crude extract from the peels of P. granatum (HCEPg) in mice with lethal sepsis. Lethal polymicrobial sepsis was induced in female Swiss mice via cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Initially, the animals were divided into three groups: Sham (false-operated), CLP-control (phosphate-buffered saline), and CLP-HCEPg (single dose, 5 mg/kg, subcutaneous administration). Treatment was initiated immediately after the induction of sepsis, and survival was evaluated every 12 hr for 5 days. Those who survived were euthanized. Serum cytokine levels were measured using a cytometric bead array Mouse Inflammatory Cytokine Kit. The number of colony-forming units, as well as the number of cells in the lymphoid organs and their activation markers, were analyzed. Results showed that treatment with HCEPg increased lifespan and reduced bacterial counts in the peritoneum, bloodstream, and spleen. HCEPg also decreased hydrogen peroxide secretion by phagocytes and augmented serum IL-10 levels, indicating its systemic anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, treatment with HCEPg attenuated infection-induced lung hemorrhage. Overall, P. granatum extract improved the lifespan of septic mice, possibly due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, thereby regulating bacterial load and translocation, as well as controlling the systemic inflammation induced by sepsis.
Feline piroplasmids include the genera
Babesia
spp.,
Cytauxzoon
spp., and
Theileria
spp. In Brazil, there are few reports regarding these hemoprotozoans; however, clinicopathological and molecular ...data are scarce. This study aimed to characterize the clinical relevance of these parasites through hematological, biochemical, and molecular approaches. For this purpose, 166 cats from Brasilia, Federal District, Midwestern Brazil, were screened using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for piroplasmids based on the LSU4 mitochondrial gene, which resulted in an overall prevalence of 36/166 (21.7%). Twelve of 166 samples (7.2%) were positive for
C. felis
, while 19/166 (11.4%) were positive for
Babesia vogeli
. No samples tested positive for
Theileria
spp.
Babesia vogeli
and
Cytauxzoon
spp
.
LSU4 sequences showed identities of 97–100% and 99.3%, respectively, to US isolates. The hematological and biochemical findings did not differ significantly between the cats that tested positive and negative for piroplasmids. Although the lack of abnormalities in clinical and laboratory parameters does not eliminate the possibility that these cats were sick and recovered, it may suggest that the Brazilian strain of
Cytauxzoon
spp. is not as pathogenic as that from the USA, despite the high molecular identity with North American isolates.
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