The inconsistency of phytogenic feed additives' (PFA) effects on the livestock industry poses a risk for their use as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters. The livestock market is being ...encouraged to use natural growth promotors, but information is limited about the PFA mode of action. The aim of this paper is to present the complexity of compounds present in essential oils (EOs) and factors that influence biological effects of PFA. In this paper, we highlight various controls and optimization parameters that influence the processes for the standardization of these products. The chemical composition of EOs depends on plant genetics, growth conditions, development stage at harvest, and processes of extracting active compounds. Their biological effects are further influenced by the interaction of phytochemicals and their bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. PFA effects on animal health and production are also complex due to various EO antibiotic, antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing, anti-inflammatory, and digestive fluids stimulating activities. Research must focus on reliable methods to identify and control the quality and effects of EOs. In this study, we focused on available microencapsulation techniques of EOs to increase the bioavailability of active compounds, as well as their application in the animal feed additive industry.
The influence of waxy maize OSA starches on the retrogradation kinetics of wheat starch pastes is investigated using dynamic oscillatory rheological and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) ...measurements. Total starch concentration for the rheological experiments is 4% (w/w) and wheat starch/OSA starch ratios are 100/0, 90/10, and 80/20. A modified fractional Kelvin‐Voigt model is proposed to interpret system behavior under low oscillatory shear conditions and get deeper insight into its structural changes during storage. The results indicate that structural ordering of the systems composed of wheat starch and a) non‐physically modified (OSA‐ST); b) pregelatinized (Pregel OSA‐ST); and c) hydrolyzed/spray dried (Hydrol OSA‐ST) starches is governed by different molecular mechanisms. OSA‐ST retarded short‐term aging (7 days) of wheat starch gel due to amylose dilution with partially disrupted OSA‐ST granules as well as the steric effect of OS groups. However, enthalpies of wheat starch/OSA‐ST mixtures stored for 14 days were similar to that of wheat starch alone. On the contrary, both the rheological and DSC results suggest that mixtures containing Pregel OSA‐ST and Hydrol OSA‐ST retrograde slower than wheat starch gel during short and long storage. The model systems investigated in this study may represent a useful tool to understand the functionality of OSA starches as anti‐staling additives in breadmaking.
Model starch paste systems composed of wheat starch/single or dual modified OSA starch are investigated in order to understand the functionality of OSA starches as anti‐staling additives in breadmaking. The influence of waxy maize OSA starches on retardation of wheat starch gel aging is studied using rheological and DSC measurements. It is concluded that non‐physically modified OSA starch retards wheat starch retrogradation during short‐term storage, while physically modified OSA starches retard it during longer storage times.
Sodium alginate is one of the most interesting and the most investigated and applied biopolymers due to its advantageous properties. Among them, easy, simple, mild, rapid, non-toxic gelation by ...divalent cations is the most important. In addition, it is abundant, low-cost, eco-friendly, bio-compatible, bio-adhesive, biodegradable, stable, etc. All those properties were systematically considered within this review. Carotenoids are functional components in the human diet with plenty of health benefits. However, their sensitivity to environmental and process stresses, chemical instability, easy oxidation, low water solubility, and bioavailability limit their food and pharmaceutical applications. Encapsulation may help in overcoming these limitations and within this review, the role of alginate-based encapsulation systems in improving the stability and bioavailability of carotenoids is explored. It may be concluded that all alginate-based systems increase carotenoid stability, but only those of micro- and nano-size, as well as emulsion-based, may improve their low bioaccessibility. In addition, the incorporation of other biopolymers may further improve encapsulation system properties. Furthermore, the main techniques for evaluating the encapsulation are briefly considered. This review critically and profoundly explains the role of alginates in improving the encapsulation process of carotenoids, suggesting the best alternatives for those systems. Moreover, it provides a comprehensive cover of recent advances in this field.
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•Four low calorie jams were created from tomato pomace.•Jams contained 15–20 times more dietary fibre than commercial apricot jam.•Jams prepared without pectin were thermally stable ...from 25 to 90°C.•Jams prepared with pectin were assessed by the sensory panel as more spreadable.
In this study, four jam formulations were developed, starting with the basic formulation (Jam 1) containing sucrose and without added pectin. Sucrose was partially (50%) replaced by stevioside in formulations of Jam 2 and 3, while in Jam 4 sucrose was completely replaced by fructose and stevioside, making this formulation suitable for diabetic patients. Jam formulations 1 and 2, prepared without added pectin, were thermally stable in the temperature range of 25–90°C, which indicate their potential use as fruit fillings. Jam formulations 3 and 4 were assessed by the sensory panel as more spreadable since tomato pomace particles are incorporated in pectin network which acts as a lubricant. Jam formulations were characterized by a lower total carbohydrate content (17.23–43.81%) and lower energy value (87.1–193.7kcal/100g) when compared to commercial products. Tomato pomace jams contained 15–20 times more dietary fibre than commercial apricot jam.
Marangoni effect and cell spreading Pajic-Lijakovic, Ivana; Milivojevic, Milan
European biophysics journal,
09/2022, Volume:
51, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Cells are very sensitive to the shear stress (SS). However, undesirable SS is generated during physiological process such as collective cell migration (CCM) and influences the biological processes ...such as morphogenesis, wound healing and cancer invasion. Despite extensive research devoted to study the SS generation caused by CCM, we still do not fully understand the main cause of SS appearance. An attempt is made here to offer some answers to these questions by considering the rearrangement of cell monolayers. The SS generation represents a consequence of natural and forced convection. While forced convection is dependent on cell speed, the natural convection is induced by the gradient of tissue surface tension. The phenomenon is known as the Marangoni effect. The gradient of tissue surface tension induces directed cell spreading from the regions of lower tissue surface tension to the regions of higher tissue surface tension and leads to the cell sorting. This directional cell migration is described by the Marangoni flux. The phenomenon has been recognized during the rearrangement of (1) epithelial cell monolayers and (2) mixed cell monolayers made by epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The consequence of the Marangoni effect is an intensive spreading of cancer cells through an epithelium. In this work, a review of existing literature about SS generation caused by CCM is given along with the assortment of published experimental findings, to invite experimentalists to test given theoretical considerations in multicellular systems.
Epithelial cancers are the most common cancer diseases worldwide within last few years. Many of these diseases can be cured if treated effectively in an early stage. The early stage of diseases ...includes the spreading of cancer cells through healthy epithelium. This spreading of cancer (mesenchymal) cells influences the reorganization of epithelium itself via collective cell migration, which has a feedback to heterotypic interactions along the bio-interface between epithelial and cancer subpopulations and further cancer spreading. This cause–consequence inter-relation is guided by the interplay among biological and physical factors. While biological factors, such as cell signaling and gene expression, which influence cell contractility and remodeling of cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion contacts and consequently, homotopic and heterotypic interactions are well elaborated, we still don’t understand properly the impact of physical factors on altered morphological changes of epithelial cells. The deeper insight into these physical interactions may help us to solve some long-standing questions in disease progression and can lead to advance in cancer diagnostics and therapies. This review focuses on the role of the physical factors, such as epithelial and cancer surface tensions, interfacial tension between the subpopulations, gradients of interfacial tension of the subpopulations, cell residual stress generation, and frictional effects along the bio-interface on the morphological changes of epithelial cells and the impact of these changes on further spreading of cancer.
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•Alginate-soy protein isolate complex beads are proposed for encapsulation of thyme oil.•Tailored release properties are shown by in vitro GIT model release studies.•Increase in ...alginate and protein concentrations leads to more intense swelling of the matrix.•Raman spectroscopy reveals main bands of biopolymers and thyme oil major constituents.
Preparation of alginate-soy protein isolate (AL/SPI) complex beads containing essential oil of thyme was carried out by emulsification of thyme oil in aqueous sodium alginate solution blended with SPI solution, followed by atomization via electrostatic extrusion and gelification with calcium ions. The process parameters were optimized by variation of the alginate (1–2.5 wt.%) and SPI (0–1.5 wt.%) concentrations. Dry alginate-SPI particles exhibited wrinkle surface while shape distortion of hydrogel beads occurred with ≥1.5 wt.% alginate concentration, whereas SPI induced reduction of the particle size. Encapsulation efficiency of 72–80 % based on total polyphenols was achieved. In SGF the samples exhibited oil release of 42–55 % (due to matrix shrinkage and proteins degradation by pepsin activity), while the rest was delivered in SIF within 2.5 h simultaneously with swelling and degradation of the matrix.
Morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and cancer invasion involve transitions in tissue morphology. These transitions, caused by collective cell migration (CCM), have been interpreted as active ...wetting/de-wetting transitions. This phenomenon is considered based on a model system as wetting of a cell aggregate on a rigid substrate, which includes cell aggregate movement and isotropic/anisotropic spreading of a cell monolayer around the aggregate depending on the substrate rigidity and aggregate size. This model system accounts for the transition between 3D epithelial aggregate and 2D cell monolayer as a product of: (1) tissue surface tension, (2) surface tension of substrate matrix, (3) cell–matrix interfacial tension, (4) interfacial tension gradient, (5) viscoelasticity caused by CCM, and (6) viscoelasticity of substrate matrix. These physical parameters depend on the cell contractility and state of cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion contacts, as well as the stretching/compression of cellular systems caused by CCM. Despite extensive research devoted to study cell wetting, we still do not understand the interplay among these physical parameters which induces an oscillatory trend of cell rearrangement. This review focuses on these physical parameters in governing the cell rearrangement in the context of epithelial aggregate wetting/de-wetting, and on modeling approaches aimed at reproducing and understanding these biological systems. In this context, we not only review previously published biophysical models for cell rearrangement caused by CCM, but also propose new extensions of those models to point out the interrelation between cell–matrix interfacial tension and epithelial viscoelasticity and the role of the interfacial tension gradient in cell spreading.
Long-timescale viscoelasticity caused by collective cell migration (CCM) significantly influences cell rearrangement and induces generation of mechanical waves. The phenomenon represents a product of ...the active turbulence occurring at low Reynolds number. The generation of mechanical waves has been a subject of intensive research primarily in 2D multicellular systems, while 3D systems have not been considered in this context. The aim of this contribution is to discuss the generation of mechanical waves during 3D CCM in two model systems: (1) the fusion of two-cell aggregates and (2) cell aggregate rounding after uni-axial compression, pointing out that mechanical waves represent a characteristic of CCM in general. Such perturbations are also involved in various biological processes, such as embryogenesis, wound healing and cancer invasion. The inter-relation between the viscoelasticity and the appearance of active turbulence remains poorly understood even in 2D. The phenomenon represents a consequence of the competition between the viscoelastic force and the surface tension force which induces successive stiffening and softening of parts of multicellular systems. The viscoelastic force is a product of the residual cell stress accumulation and its inhomogeneous distribution caused by CCM. This modeling consideration represents a powerful tool to address the generation of mechanical waves in CCM towards an understanding of this important but still controversial topic.
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