Based on evidence demonstrating that gut microbiota can metabolize dietary polyphenols to more readily absorbable phenolic acids, this study aimed to evaluate the association of urinary microbial ...phenolic metabolites (MPMs) related to peanut intake with memory function and stress response. A total of 63 healthy young adults from a randomized controlled trial completed the intervention, consuming 25 g of skin roasted peanuts, 32 g of peanut butter, or 32 g of a control butter daily for six months. Cognition and mood were assessed using validated tests. Urinary cortisol was quantified by an enzymatic method and MPMs were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Lignans and hydroxybenzoic acids with significantly higher post-intervention levels were correlated with improved cognition and mood in peanut product consumers. These findings suggest that peanut and peanut butter consumption may contribute to the production of MPMs involved in the improvement of memory.
Abstract
To study the relationship between urinary total polyphenol excretion (TPE) in adolescents and ideal cardiovascular (CVH) metrics. 1151 adolescents aged 12.04 (0.46) years participating in ...the SI! Program for Secondary Schools were selected based on the availability of urine samples and information required to assess CVH metrics. Data on health behaviours (smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, and healthy diet) and health factors (blood pressure, total cholesterol, and blood glucose) were used to calculate the CVH metrics. TPE in urine was analysed by a Folin-Ciocalteu method after solid-phase extraction. Associations between TPE (categorized into tertiles) and CVH metrics (total and separate scores) were assessed using multilevel mixed-effect regression models. Higher TPE levels were associated with higher (healthier) CVH scores and ideal smoking status (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.10; 1.87,
p
value = 0.007), physical activity (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02; 1.23,
p
value = 0.022) and total cholesterol (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.16; 2.73,
p
value = 0.009) after multivariate adjustment. An association between TPE and total CVH scores was observed only in boys. Girls with higher TPE had higher rates of ideal total cholesterol and blood pressure. According to our findings, higher urinary TPE is related to better CVH scores, with relevant differences in this association by gender.
Postmenopausal women are at higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases due to changes in lipid profile and body fat, among others. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of ...urinary tartaric acid, a biomarker of wine consumption, with anthropometric (weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-height ratio), blood pressure, and biochemical variables (blood glucose and lipid profile) that may be affected during the menopausal transition. This sub-study of the PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) trial included a sample of 230 women aged 60-80 years with high cardiovascular risk at baseline. Urine samples were diluted and filtered, and tartaric acid was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Correlations between tartaric acid and the study variables were adjusted for age, education level, smoking status, physical activity, BMI, cholesterol-lowering, antihypertensive, and insulin treatment, total energy intake, and consumption of fruits, vegetables, and raisins. A strong association was observed between wine consumption and urinary tartaric acid (0.01 μg/mg (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01, 0.01),
-value < 0.001). Total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were inversely correlated with urinary tartaric acid (-3.13 μg/mg (-5.54, -0.71),
-value = 0.016 and -3.03 μg/mg (-5.62, -0.42),
-value = 0.027, respectively), whereas other biochemical and anthropometric variables were unrelated. The results suggest that wine consumption may have a positive effect on cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women, underpinning its nutraceutical properties.
Although numerous studies have reported the protective effect of nut consumption on cardiovascular risk, evidence for the role of peanuts in maintaining cardiometabolic health is inconclusive. ...Presented here are the results from the ARISTOTLE study, a parallel randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of regular peanut intake on anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical measurements. The 63 healthy subjects that completed the study consumed their habitual diet plus either: a) 25 g/day of skin roasted peanuts (SRP,
= 21), b) two tablespoons (32 g)/day of peanut butter (PB,
= 23) or c) two tablespoons (32 g)/day of a control butter based on peanut oil (CB,
= 19) for 6 months. In addition, a meta-analysis of clinical trials, including data from the ARISTOTLE study, was carried out to update the evidence for the effects of consuming peanuts, including high-oleic peanuts, and peanut butter on healthy subjects and those at high cardiometabolic risk. After a systematic search on PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases up to July 2021, 11 studies were found to meet the eligibility criteria. In the ARISTOTLE study, lower total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratios were found in the SRP group compared to the CB group (
= 0.019 and
= 0.008). The meta-analysis of clinical trials revealed that peanut consumption is associated with a decrease in triglycerides (MD: -0.13; 95% CI, -0.20 to -0.07;
< 0.0001) and that healthy consumers had lower total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratios compared to the control groups (MD: -0.40; 95% CI, -0.71 to -0.09;
= 0.01 and MD: -0.19; 95% CI, -0.36 to -0.01;
= 0.03, respectively). However, individuals at high cardiometabolic risk experienced an increase in body weight after the peanut interventions (MD: 0.97; 95% CI, 0.54 to 1.41;
< 0.0001), although not in body fat or body mass index. According to the dose-response analyses, body weight increased slightly with higher doses of peanuts. In conclusion, a regular consumption of peanuts seems to modulate lipid metabolism, reducing triglyceride blood levels.
https://osf.io/jx34y/, identifier: 10.17605/OSF.IO/MK35Y.
Peanuts are consumed worldwide and have been linked to multiple health benefits. Processing may affect the bioavailability of peanut bioactive compounds. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the effects of ...crushing peanuts on the bioavailability of fatty acids and phenolic compounds in healthy adults.
44 participants from the ARISTOTLE study consumed 25 g/day of whole peanuts (WP) or 32 g/day of peanut butter (PB) for 6 months. Fatty acids and phenolic compounds in peanut products and biological samples were assessed by gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection and liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry, respectively.
Plasma concentrations of very long chain saturated fatty acids (VLCSFAs) increased significantly after 6 months of WP or PB intake (
< 0.001 in both cases). Participants in the WP group excreted twice as many VLCSFAs in feces as those in the PB group (
= 0.012). The most abundant polyphenols found in WP and PB were
-coumaric and isoferulic acids. Urinary excretion of isoferulic acid increased after the intake of WP and PB (
= 0.032 and
= 0.048, respectively), with no significant difference observed between interventions.
The crushing step in peanut butter production seems to enhance the bioavailability of bioactive compounds.
Phenolic compounds in peanuts may moderate inflammation and endothelial function. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of urinary phenolic metabolites (UPMs) with vascular ...biomarkers after peanut product consumption. A three-arm parallel-group randomized controlled trial was conducted in 63 healthy young adults who consumed 25 g/day of skin roasted peanuts (SRP), 32 g/day of peanut butter (PB), or 32 g/day of a control butter for six months. UPMs were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Additionally, urinary eicosanoids, prostacyclin I2 (PGI
), and thromboxane A2 (TXA
) were determined using two competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Consumers of SRP and PB presented significantly higher excretion of UPMs (enterodiol glucuronide (
= 0.018 and
= 0.031), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (
= 0.002 and
< 0.001), vanillic acid sulfate (
= 0.048 and
= 0.006),
-coumaric acid (
= 0.046 and
= 0.016), coumaric acid glucuronide I (
= 0.001 and
= 0.030) and II (
= 0.003 and
= 0.036), and isoferulic acid (
= 0.013 and
= 0.015) in comparison with the control group. An improvement in PGI
(
= 0.037) levels and the TXA
:PGI
ratio (
= 0.008) was also observed after the peanut interventions compared to the control. Interestingly, UPMs with significantly higher post-intervention levels were correlated with an improvement in vascular biomarkers, lower TXA
(r from -0.25 to -0.48,
< 0.050) and TXA
:PGI
ratio (r from -0.25 to -0.43,
< 0.050) and higher PGI
(r from 0.24 to 0.36,
< 0.050). These findings suggest that the UPMs with higher excretion after peanut product consumption could have a positive impact on vascular health.
The intake of polyphenols has been associated with a risk reduction of type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, the molecules that might be metabolically active after ingestion ...are only starting to be investigated regarding this metabolic disease. To investigate the association between one-year changes in urinary microbial phenolic metabolites (MPM) and the incidence of type 2 diabetes, we performed a case-control study using data and samples of the PREDIMED trial including 46 incident type 2 diabetes cases of 172 randomly selected participants. Eight urinary MPMs were quantified in urine by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and used to assess their associations with type 2 diabetes risk by multivariable logistic regression models. Compared to participants in the lowest tertile of one-year changes in hydroxybenzoic acid glucuronide, those in the highest tertile had a significantly lowered probability of developing type 2 diabetes (OR 95% CI, 0.39 0.23−0.64; p < 0.001 for trend). However, when additionally adjusting for fasting plasma glucose, the statistical significance was lost. Changes in the dietary pattern can increase the concentrations of this compound, derived from many (poly)phenol-rich foods, and might be changing the gut microbial population as well, promoting the production of the metabolite.
Peanuts are rich in bioactive compounds that may have a positive impact on memory and stress response.
To evaluate the effect of regular consumption of peanut products on cognitive functions and ...stress response in healthy young adults.
A three-arm parallel-group randomized controlled trial was conducted in 63 healthy young adults that consumed 25 g/day of skin roasted peanuts (SRP, n = 21), 32 g/d of peanut butter (PB, n = 23) or 32 g/d of a control butter made from peanut oil (free of phenolic compounds and fiber) (CB, n = 19) for six months. Polyphenol intake, cognitive functions, and anxiety and depression scores were evaluated using validated tests. Fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and plasma and fecal fatty acids were assessed by chromatographic methods. Urinary cortisol was quantified by an enzymatic method.
Comparing the two interventions with the control, a significant reduction in anxiety scores was observed in the SRP compared to the CB group. After the intervention, consumers of SRP and PB had an improved immediate memory (p = 0.046 and p = 0.011). Lower anxiety scores were associated with SRP and PB (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively) and lower depression scores with SRP, PB and CB (p = 0.007, p = 0.003 and p = 0.032, respectively). Memory functions and stress response were significantly correlated with polyphenol intake, fecal SCFAs, plasma and fecal very long chain saturated fatty acids (VLCSFAs).
Regular peanut and peanut butter consumption may enhance memory function and stress response in a healthy young population. These effects seem to be associated with the intake of peanut polyphenols, increased levels of fecal SCFAs, and unexpectedly, VLCSFAs, which were also present in the control product.
(1) Background: Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association between polyphenol intake and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) in adults, but few have provided information about ...adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between urinary total polyphenol excretion (TPE) and CVRFs in adolescents. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 1194 Spanish adolescents from the SI! (Salud Integral) program. TPE in urine samples was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, after solid-phase extraction, and categorized into quartiles. The association between TPE and CVRFs was estimated using mixed-effect linear regression and a structural equation model (SEM). (3) Results: Linear regression showed negative associations among the highest quartile of TPE and body fat percentage (B = −1.75, p-value = <0.001), triglycerides (TG) (B = −17.68, p-value = <0.001), total cholesterol (TC) (B = −8.66, p-value = 0.002), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (LDL-C) (B = −4.09, p-value = 0.008) in boys, after adjusting for all confounder variables. Negative associations between TPE quartiles and systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and TC were also found in girls. Moreover, a structural equation model revealed that TPE was directly associated with body composition and blood glucose and indirectly associated with blood pressure, TG, LDL-C, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in boys. (4) Conclusions: Higher concentrations of TPE were associated with a better profile of cardiovascular health, especially in boys, while in girls, the association was not as strong.
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescence is a risk factor for future cardiovascular disease. The chronic inflammation associated with MetS can be attenuated by the anti-inflammatory effect of ...polyphenols. We aimed to evaluate total urinary polyphenols as a biomarker of anti-inflammatory diets and their effect on MetS in adolescents.
In this retrospective analysis of a longitudinal cohort study, the relationship between total polyphenol excretion (TPE) in urine, the inflammatory potential of the diet measured through the Children's Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII), and the presence of metabolic syndrome was evaluated. The study population consisted of adolescents enrolled in the SI! Program for Secondary Schools trial, who had completed all the study forms and provided urine samples at baseline and at the two-year follow-up. Multivariate linear regression and multinominal logistic regression models were generated to evaluate the relationship of changes in TPE with changes in the C-DII score and changes in MetS status, respectively. An analysis of the ROC curve was performed to assess the potential of TPE as a biomarker of an anti-inflammatory diet.
This study included 662 adolescents, 51.2% were males, and 48.8% were females, with a mean age of 12 (0.38) years at baseline. The relationship between changes in TPE and changes in the C-DII score was stratified by sex with a p-value <0.001 for the interaction. TPE and C-DII were inversely associated in males (−0.13 mg GAE/g creatinine -0.26; −0.01 per 1-SD increase, p-value = 0.037). In addition, an increase in changes in TPE levels were associated with a reversal in MetS status in all adolescents (1.30 1.27; 1.34 per 1-SD increase, p-value<0.001). The ROC curve showed that urinary TPE levels can predict dietary inflammatory potential with an AUC = 0.793 (0.725; 0.863) in males.
Polyphenols excreted in urine are a potential biomarker of anti-inflammatory diets in males and are associated with a reversal of MetS status in adolescents.
ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT03504059, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03504059.
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