Human activity recognition (HAR) has multifaceted applications due to its worldly usage of acquisition devices such as smartphones, video cameras, and its ability to capture human activity data. ...While electronic devices and their applications are steadily growing, the advances in Artificial intelligence (AI) have revolutionized the ability to extract deep hidden information for accurate detection and its interpretation. This yields a better understanding of rapidly growing acquisition devices, AI, and applications, the three pillars of HAR under one roof. There are many review articles published on the general characteristics of HAR, a few have compared all the HAR devices at the same time, and few have explored the impact of evolving AI architecture. In our proposed review, a detailed narration on the three pillars of HAR is presented covering the period from 2011 to 2021. Further, the review presents the recommendations for an improved HAR design, its reliability, and stability. Five major findings were: (1) HAR constitutes three major pillars such as devices, AI and applications; (2) HAR has dominated the healthcare industry; (3) Hybrid AI models are in their infancy stage and needs considerable work for providing the stable and reliable design. Further, these trained models need solid prediction, high accuracy, generalization, and finally, meeting the objectives of the applications without bias; (4) little work was observed in abnormality detection during actions; and (5) almost no work has been done in forecasting actions. We conclude that: (a) HAR industry will evolve in terms of the three pillars of electronic devices, applications and the type of AI. (b) AI will provide a powerful impetus to the HAR industry in future.
Lithium metal anodes have attracted extensive attention owing to their high theoretical specific capacity. However, the notorious reactivity of lithium prevents their practical applications, as ...evidenced by the undesired lithium dendrite growth and unstable solid electrolyte interphase formation. Here, we develop a facile, cost-effective and one-step approach to create an artificial lithium metal/electrolyte interphase by treating the lithium anode with a tin-containing electrolyte. As a result, an artificial solid electrolyte interphase composed of lithium fluoride, tin, and the tin-lithium alloy is formed, which not only ensures fast lithium-ion diffusion and suppresses lithium dendrite growth but also brings a synergistic effect of storing lithium via a reversible tin-lithium alloy formation and enabling lithium plating underneath it. With such an artificial solid electrolyte interphase, lithium symmetrical cells show outstanding plating/stripping cycles, and the full cell exhibits remarkably better cycling stability and capacity retention as well as capacity utilization at high rates compared to bare lithium.
Carbon-based CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cell is an emerging inorganic perovskite solar cell with the advantages of simple fabrication process and excellent stability. However, power conversion ...efficiency of carbon-based CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells is still unsatisfactory up to now, as the direct contact of the CsPbBr3 with carbon is plagued with interfacial recombination sites and undesirable hole extraction barrier. Here, we report an effective strategy that employs poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) to modify the CsPbBr3/carbon interface in carbon-based CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells and enable higher efficiency. The systematic tests and analyses demonstrate that the P3HT interlayer can remarkably suppress the charge recombination and enhance the hole extraction capability via formation of favorable energy level alignment between CsPbBr3 film and carbon electrode, and passivation of the surface defect states of CsPbBr3 film. As a result, the carbon-based CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cell with P3HT interlayer achieves a high conversion efficiency of 6.49%, exhibiting an increase by 27% compared to pristine device. Moreover, the carbon-based CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells with P3HT interlayer exhibits excellent stability in ambient air with almost no change in the power conversion efficiency of the unsealed device over 40 days.
•P3HT is employed to modify the CsPbBr3/carbon interface in carbon-based CsPbBr3 PSCs.•P3HT remarkably suppress the charge recombination and enhance the hole extraction.•The device with P3HT shows an efficiency of 6.49%, increasing by 27% over pristine one.
Solar cells become a viable energy source to charge lithium ion batteries. Here a simple and efficient photocharging design approach is demonstrated, where a promising low cost single junction solar ...cell such as perovskite solar cell or dye sensitized solar cell efficiently charges a Li4Ti5O12‐LiCoO2 Li‐ion cell using a DC–DC voltage boost converter. The converter boosts the low input voltage of a single junction solar cell to charge a lithium ion cell and offers advantages including maximum power point tracking of solar photovoltaics and overvoltage protection for the lithium ion cell. This is the first demonstration of this technology. This approach leads to the highest reported overall efficiency of 9.36% and average storage efficiency of 77.2% at 0.5 C discharge for a perovskite solar cell‐converter charging. The high efficiency for the perovskite solar cell‐converter charging is attributed to maximum power harvesting along with high power conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell and low potential polarization between the charge and discharge voltage plateaus for the Li4Ti5O12‐LiCoO2 Li‐ion cell.
Li4Ti5O12‐LiCoO2 lithium ion battery is efficiently photocharged by a high efficiency perovskite solar cell with a maximum power point tracking‐based DC–DC voltage boost converter. A high overall efficiency of 9.36% is achieved at 0.5 C discharge rate due to high efficiency from perovskite solar cells, maximum power tracking capability from the boost converter, and low energy loss from the battery.
Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) is a hemipteran phyto polyphagous sucking insect pest which is an important pest of cotton that causes economic losses to the crop by reducing its yield and ...quality. Ecdysteroids such as 20-hydroxy ecdysone (20-E), play a significant role in larval moulting, development, and reproduction in pterygota insects. Receptor of 20-E, that is Ecdysone Receptor (BtEcR) of Bemisia tabaci has been targeted to prevent fundamental developmental processes. To identify potent inhibitors of BtEcr, 98,072 natural compounds were retrieved from ZINC database. A structure-based virtual screening of these compounds was performed for evaluating their binding affinity to BtEcR, and top two compounds (ZINC08952607 and ZINC04264850) selected based on lowest binding energy. Molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) study was performed for analyzing the dynamics and stability of BtEcR and top-scoring ligand-BtEcR complexes at 50 ns. Besides, g_mmpbsa tool was also used to calculate and analyse the binding free energy of BtEcR-ligand complexes. Compounds ZINC08952607 and ZINC04264850 had shown a binding free energy of -170.156 kJ mol-1 and -200.349 kJ mol-1 in complex with BtEcR respectively. Thus, these compounds can be utilized as lead for the development of environmentally safe insecticides against the whitefly.
In recent years, hybrid perovskite solar cells (HPSCs) have received considerable research attention due to their impressive photovoltaic performance and low‐temperature solution processing ...capability. However, there remain challenges related to defect passivation and enhancing the charge carrier dynamics of the perovskites, to further increase the power conversion efficiency of HPSCs. In this work, the use of a novel material, phenylhydrazinium iodide (PHAI), as an additive in MAPbI3 perovskite for defect minimization and enhancement of the charge carrier dynamics of inverted HPSCs is reported. Incorporation of the PHAI in perovskite precursor solution facilitates controlled crystallization, higher carrier lifetime, as well as less recombination. In addition, PHAI additive treated HPSCs exhibit lower density of filled trap states (1010 cm−2) in perovskite grain boundaries, higher charge carrier mobility (≈11 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s), and enhanced power conversion efficiency (≈18%) that corresponds to a ≈20% improvement in comparison to the pristine devices.
A novel material called phenylhydrazinium iodide (PHAI) is effective for defects minimization, surface passivation, and efficient charge transportation in hybrid perovskite solar cells. It plays multiple roles in controlled crystallization, stabilizing under‐coordinated ions, and as a self‐supported moisture barrier in perovskite films.
Rechargeable lithium metal anode (LMA) based batteries have attracted great attention as next-generation high-energy-density storage systems to fuel the extensive practical applications in portable ...electronics and electric vehicles. However, the formation of unstable solid-electrolyte- interphase (SEI) and growth of lithium dendrite during plating/stripping cycles stimulate safety concern, poor coulombic efficiency (CE), and short lifespan of the lithium metal batteries (LMBs). To address these issues, the rational design of micro/nanostructured Li hosts are widely adopted in LMBs. The high surface area of the interconnected conductive framework can homogenize the Li-ion flux distribution, lower the effective current density, and provides sufficient space for Li accommodation. However, the poor lithiophilicity of the micro/nanostructure host cannot govern the initial lithium nucleation, which leads to the non-uniform/dendritic Li deposition and unstable SEI formation. As a result, the nucleation overpotential and voltage hysteresis increases, which eventually leads to poor battery cycling performance. Thus, it is imperative to decorate a micro/nanostructured Li host with lithiophilic coatings or seeds for serving as a homogeneous nucleation site to guide the uniform lithium deposition. In this review, we summarize research progress on porous metal and non-metal based lithiophilic micro/nanostructured Li hosts. We present the synthesis, structural properties, and the significance of lithiophilic decorated micro/nanostructured Li host in the LMBs. Finally, the perspectives and critical challenges needed to address for the further improvement of LMBs are concluded.
In this paper, a ZnO array is first prepared on the conductive glass by hydrothermal method, and then a seed layer of CuO nanoparticles is deposited on the surface of ZnO nanorods to form a ...core–shell ZnO/CuO nanoarray. Following, the dendritic CuO nanorods are grown on ZnO nanorods by hydrothermal method, constructing a three-dimensional ZnO/CuO nano-heterogeneous hierarchical structure array and applied in photoelectrochemical cell. Our three-dimensional ZnO/CuO nano-heterogeneous hierarchical structure shows obvious absorption of visible light from 500 to 900 nm. The current–time curves reveal that the photocurrent is greatly enhanced after dendritic CuO grows on the ZnO nanorod array. Furthermore, the charge dynamics processes in the core–shell ZnO/CuO nano-heterostructure array and the three-dimensional ZnO/CuO nano-heterostructure array are studied by comparing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and intensity modulation photocurrent (photovoltage) spectroscopy. Although the photo-generated charge transfer rate in the ZnO/CuO core–shell structure is slightly faster than the three-dimensional ZnO/CuO hierarchical structure, the recombination life of the photo-generated charge is increased by nearly two orders of magnitude in the three-dimensional ZnO/CuO nano-heterostructure array. The three-dimensional ZnO/CuO nano-heterostructure array has a good potential application in the field of photoelectric conversion devices and photocatalysis.
Meloidogyne incognita is an economically dominant pathogen infesting a wide range of crops curbing their growth and productivity. Deregistration of frontline nematicides has necessitated exploration ...of innovative and novel class of structurally diverse nematicides with streamlined activity. In this context, N-alkylated derivatives of isatin known for their remarkable biological profile were synthesized, characterized and evaluated in vitro for their antinemic character followed by in silico studies for their mode of action and toxicological studies for their fitness as agrochemical. The antinemic evaluation was carried by egg hatch inhibition and juvenile mortality and its effect on egg hatching. Compounds 1 and 2a exhibited nematicidal potential and significantly decreased egg hatching and increased juvenile mortality. For egg hatch inhibition LC50 and LC95 values for 1 were found to be 0.125 and 1.380 mg/ml and for compound 2a, 0.457 and 8.511 mg/ml respectively. For juvenile mortality LC50 and LC95 values for 1 were found to be 0.109 and 0.776 mg/ml and for 2a, 0.190 and 1.380 mg/ml respectively. For insights into the mode of action of the synthesized molecules, in silico studies for the targeted effects were conducted which revealed novel interaction with pathogenic protein - Aspartyl protease. Computational studies on the drug-ability and potential toxicity of the selected compounds revealed they belonged to class IV and are safe. With good reasons, our compounds hold value for their exploration in agrochemical industry and thus, this study identifies a new scaffold with useful level of nematicidal activity for its use in agriculture industry.
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•Synthesized N-alkylated isatin derivatives significantly affected Meloidogyne incognita nematode population.•Synthesized molecules exhibited novel interaction with pathogenic protein – Aspartyl protease on docking.•Identification of a new scaffold belonging to toxicity class IV and with useful level of nematicidal activity.
Regioselective nucleophilic addition of unsubstituted isatin (1) was carried out for the synthesis of pharmaceutically and to be agrochemically important 3-hydroxy-3-akylindolin-2-ones (3a-f) using ...discrete nucleophiles via generation of Grignard reagent. The synthesized derivatives were characterized by spectral techniques and were evaluated for nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita. The nematicidal assay revealed that 1-ethyl-3-hydroxyindolin-2-one (3a) exhibited potent nematicidal activity against M. incognita. The most active member (3a) exhibited reasonably good ovicidal (LC
50
= 0.077 mg/mL) and larvicidal activity (LC
50
= 0.058 mg/mL), respectively. In support of the nematicidal activity, molecular docking of isatin (1) and its derivatives (3a-f) was performed using three parasitic proteins viz., carboxylic ester hydrolase, cytochrome c oxidase and aspartyl protease which revealed maximum interaction with amino acid residues Tyr 356, Tyr 170, Glu 238, Glu 327, Arg 271, Arg 112, Ser 29, Ser 31, Ser 368, Asn 115, Leu 326 and His 51 which act as supporting factors for compounds to curb the parasite.
Substitutions appended around core scaffold of isatin by Grignard reagent has influence on its biological properties. Isatin and its derivatives can be considered as emerging candidates in agrochemical industry to be explored against destructive plant parasitic Meloidogyne incognita validated by molecular docking.
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