It is unknown whether the flavonoid rutin can protect the silver catfish liver in response to exposure to a known stressor, such as the prophylactic usage of the antimicrobial agent oxytetracycline. ...Thus, the current study aimed to assess the effect of rutin incorporation into the silver catfish diet formulation on oxytetracycline-induced liver oxidative stress and apoptosis. Fish were split into four groups as follows: control, rutin (1.5 g kg diet−1), oxytetracycline (0.1 g kg diet−1) and rutin+oxytetracycline (1.5 g kg diet−1 and 0.1 g kg diet−1, respectively). After two weeks of feeding with the different diets (standard, rutin-, oxytetracycline and rutin+oxytetracycline-added diets), fish were euthanized to collect the liver. Although the rutin-added diet was unable to recover glutathione peroxidase activity, ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, which were depleted due to oxytetracycline consumption, it markedly diminished the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content, thus decreasing the GSSG to GSH ratio, an important index of oxidative stress. It also increased glutathione reductase and markedly augmented glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, which were declined after oxytetracycline ingestion. Furthermore, the rutin-added diet reestablished superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and reduced lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide and superoxide anion levels as well, all changes resulting from oxytetracycline consumption. Finally, it also prevented oxytetracycline-induced apoptosis through increasing heat shock protein 70 and markedly decreasing high mobility group box 1 and, consequently, reducing cleaved caspase-3 protein levels. Therefore, in conclusion, the incorporation of this flavonoid to the silver catfish diet protected the liver against oxytetracycline-induced liver oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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•Rutin diminished lipid peroxidation in liver of oxytetracycline-fed fish.•Rutin decreased oxidized to reduced glutathione ratio in oxytetracycline-fed fish.•Rutin increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in oxytetracycline-fed fish.•Rutin reduced oxytetracycline-induced apoptosis decreasing cleaved caspase-3.
Long-term administration of valproic acid (VPA) is known to promote reproductive impairment mediated by increase in testicular oxidative stress. Vitamin E (VitE) is a lipophilic antioxidant known to ...be essential for mammalian spermatogenesis. However, the capacity of this vitamin to abrogate the VPA-mediated oxidative stress has not yet been assessed. In the current study, we evaluated the protective effect of VitE on functional abnormalities related to VPA-induced oxidative stress in the male reproductive system. VPA (400 mg kg−1) was administered by gavage and VitE (50 mg kg−1) intraperitoneally to male Wistar rats for 28 days. Analysis of spermatozoa from the cauda epididymides was performed. The testes and epididymides were collected for measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers. Treatment with VPA induced a decrease in sperm motility accompanied by an increase in oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, depletion of reduced glutathione and a decrease in total reactive antioxidant potential on testes and epididymides. Co-administration of VitE restored the antioxidant potential and prevented oxidative damage on testes and epididymides, restoring sperm motility. Thus, VitE protects the reproductive system from the VPA-induced damage, suggesting that it may be a useful compound to minimize the reproductive impairment in patients requiring long-term treatment with VPA.
•Vitamin E rescues sperm motility in rats treated with valproic acid.•Vitamin E prevents valproic acid-induced oxidative damage in testes and epididymidis.•Vitamin E enhances antioxidant defenses of rats treated with valproic acid.
Aspartame is an artificial sweetener used in foods and beverages worldwide. However, it is linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver damage through mechanisms that are not fully elucidated ...yet. This work aimed to investigate the effects of long-term administration of aspartame on the oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms associated with liver fibrosis progression in mice.
Mice were divided into two groups with six animals each: control and aspartame. Aspartame (80 mg/kg, via oral) or vehicle was administrated for 12 weeks.
Aspartame caused liver damage and elevated serum transaminase levels. Aspartame also generated liver fibrosis, as evidenced by histology analysis, and pro-fibrotic markers' upregulation, including transforming growth factor β 1, collagen type I alpha 1, and alpha-smooth muscle actin. Furthermore, aspartame reduced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation and enzymatic antioxidant activity and increased lipid peroxidation, which triggered NOD-like receptor containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and p53 induction. Furthermore, aspartame reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) levels, possibly through p53 activation. This PGC-1α deficiency could be responsible for the changes in lipid profile in serum, total lipid accumulation, and gluconeogenesis impairment in liver, evidenced by the gluconeogenic enzymes' downregulation, thus causing hypoglycemia.
This work provides new insights to understand the mechanisms related to the adverse effects of aspartame on liver tissue.
No-caloric sweeteners, such as aspartame, are widely used in various food and beverages to prevent the increasing rates of obesity and diabetes mellitus, acting as tools in helping control caloric ...intake. Aspartame is metabolized to phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and methanol. Our aim was to study the effect of chronic administration of aspartame on glutathione redox status and on the trans-sulphuration pathway in mouse liver. Mice were divided into three groups: control; treated daily with aspartame for 90 days; and treated with aspartame plus N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Chronic administration of aspartame increased plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase activities and caused liver injury as well as marked decreased hepatic levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC), and most metabolites of the trans-sulphuration pathway, such as cysteine, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). Aspartame also triggered a decrease in mRNA and protein levels of the catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLc) and cystathionine γ-lyase, and in protein levels of methionine adenosyltransferase 1A and 2A. N-acetylcysteine prevented the aspartame-induced liver injury and the increase in plasma ALT activity as well as the decrease in GSH, γ-GC, cysteine, SAM and SAH levels and GCLc protein levels. In conclusion, chronic administration of aspartame caused marked hepatic GSH depletion, which should be ascribed to GCLc down-regulation and decreased cysteine levels. Aspartame triggered blockade of the trans-sulphuration pathway at two steps, cystathionine γ-lyase and methionine adenosyltransferases. NAC restored glutathione levels as well as the impairment of the trans-sulphuration pathway.
•Aspartame down-regulates glutamate cysteine ligase and decreased cysteine levels.•Aspartame blockades the trans-sulphuration pathways.
This research aimed to assess the influence of dietary addition of rutin on inflammation, apoptosis and antioxidative responses in muscle of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) challenged with Aeromonas ...hydrophila (A. hydrophila). Fish were split into four groups as follows: control, 0.15% rutin, A. hydrophila, 0.15% rutin + A. hydrophila. After 2 weeks of feeding with standard or rutin diets, fish were challenged or not with A. hydrophila for 1 week. Rutin-added diet abrogates A. hydrophila induced-hemorrhage and inflammatory infiltration. It decreases A. hydrophila induced-apoptosis through decreasing the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 and increasing phospho-Akt to Akt ratio. It diminishes the A. hydrophila induced-rise in nitric oxide and superoxide anion levels and reestablishes superoxide dismutase activity as well. Although such diet is unable to recover the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), cysteine and glutamate cysteine ligase, which are depleted as a result of A. hydrophila infection, it diminishes the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content, thus decreasing GSSG to GSH ratio. It increases the levels of cysteine residues of proteins and diminishes those of thiol-protein mixed disulfides, which were changed after A. hydrophila challenge. Finally, it reduces A. hydrophila induced-lipid peroxidation, markedly elevates ascorbic acid and thus reestablishes total antioxidant capacity, whose levels were decreased after A. hydrophila challenge. In conclusion, the dietary addition of rutin at 0.15% impairs A. hydrophila-induced inflammatory response, inhibits A. hydrophila-induced apoptosis and promotes cell survival. It also reduces the A. hydrophila-induced oxidative stress and stimulates the antioxidative responses in muscle of A. hydrophila-infected silver catfish.
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•Rutin impairs A. hydrophila-induced inflammation in muscle of silver catfish.•Rutin reduces A. hydrophila-induced apoptosis, promoting cell survival.•Rutin decreases oxidized to reduced glutathione ratio in infected fish.•Rutin improves A. hydrophila-induced damage and antioxidative responses.
Anaesthetic substances are necessary to reduce fish stress during aquaculture activities. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the efficacy of essential oils (EOs) of Myrcia sylvatica ...(EOMS) and Curcuma longa (EOCL) as anaesthetics for Colossoma macropomum and (ii) to evaluate the effects of rapid anaesthesia and long‐term sedation (6 h) with these oils. Therefore, the main primary stress indicator (cortisol) and secondary factors (biochemical indices, hepatic metabolism, oxidative biomarkers) were measured. Sedation with the EOCL resulted in lower cortisol levels compared to control group. Total cholesterol levels were lower in fish sedated with EOMS than in control. Lactate levels were higher in fish anaesthetized with both EOs and sedated with EOCL compared to control. Both EOs increased hepatic glycogen levels after anaesthesia and EOMS increased this parameter after sedation compared to control. Anaesthesia and sedation with EOs resulted in lower levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) compared to control. In turn, the activity of some antioxidant enzymes evaluated (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione‐S‐transferase), the content of non‐protein thiols and total reactive antioxidant potential were higher in tissues of fish anaesthetized and sedated with EOs compared to control. This induction of antioxidant capacity in the tissues could be due to the antioxidant property exerted by these EOs. Thus, EOMS and EOCL are recommended for anaesthesia and sedation of fish because in spite of inducing anaerobic metabolism, these EOs did not alter most biochemical parameters, reduced the LPO and increased the antioxidant capacity in vital tissues.
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•The essential oils presented moderate in vitro activity against Aeromonas strains.•The essential oils were effective against the fish parasite Gyrodactylus sp.•Ocimum gratissimum ...essential oil improved the antioxidant response of silver catfish.
Ocimum gratissimum L. (known for its relaxant/sedative effects and antimicrobial properties) and Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling (known for its anti-parasitic properties) are two plants belonging to the family Lamiaceae. Currently, studies have demonstrated that the essential oils (EO) of these two plants present anesthetic and sedative activity in fish, as well as antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties against different fish pathogens. Larvicidal activity against insect larvae (fish predators) was also reported for both EOs. This study evaluated the toxicity of the O. gratissimum (OG) and H. ringens (HR) EOs in the freshwater zooplankton Daphnia pulex and their activity against different fish pathogens (bacteria and a monogenean parasite) isolated from silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). The in vivo antioxidant activity of OG EO also was assessed in different tissues of this species. In addition, results from studies related to the application of both EOs in aquaculture were reviewed and summarized. The acute toxicity test in D. pulex determined EOs lethal concentration (LC50s – 24h) to be 37.8mgL−1 for OG EO and 61.5mgL−1 for HR EO. Both EOs showed moderate activity against the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii (MIC 400–800μgmL−1) and weak activity against Citrobacter freundii and Raoltella ornithinolytica. The EOs also showed significant antiparasitic activity against the monogenean parasite Gyrodactylus sp. OG EO added to the water prevented the lipid peroxidation and increased the antioxidant status of the evaluated fish tissues. These plant-based products appear as sustainable and effective alternatives for conventional drugs and/or chemicals for disease control and prophylaxis in aquaculture.
We analysed the effects of quercetin-containing diet on blood parameters, antioxidant status and pituitary hormone expression in silver catfish. Diets containing three concentrations of quercetin (0, ...0.15 and 0.30%) were provided to fish once a day. The results indicated that quercetin did not promote any significant change on the haematological and biochemical parameters measured. Fish that received the diet with quercetin presented decreased lipid peroxidation (LPO) (measured by lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) in all tissues evaluated. On the other hand, the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase were higher in tissues of fish fed with diets containing quercetin. Additionally, the content of non-protein thiols, total reactive antioxidant potential and ascorbic acid were also higher in tissues of quercetin fed fish. Finally, there was no changes regarding cortisol levels and the expression of growth hormone, prolactin and somatolactin in fish fed with quercetin when compared with the control. Our results suggests that supplementation of silver catfish diet with quercetin is beneficial since it reduced the LPO and increased antioxidant capacity in vital tissues of fish without having any impact on haematological and biochemical parameters, and on pituitary hormone gene expression.
We propose quercetin as supplement in fish diets.
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•Diets containing quercetin did not influence the blood parameters.•Diets containing quercetin decreased the lipoperoxidation in tissues of silver catfish.•Diets containing quercetin improved the antioxidant system defence in tissues of fish.•Diets containing quercetin did not influence the expression of pituitary hormones.
Mugil liza juveniles (6.69 ± 0.06 g) were subjected to dietary citral (0-control, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mL per kg feed) for 45 days, and its possible effects on zootechnical and metabolic parameters, ...digestive enzymes, innate immunity, oxidative status and liver damage were evaluated. At the end of the experiment, fish fed 2.0 mL citral per kg feed showed a greater weight gain and protein retention efficiency, as well as enhanced activities of pepsin (stomach) and amylase (intestine) compared with control fish. Citral supplementation decreased liver lipoperoxidation and increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and superoxide dismutase in the gills, liver and brain. The highest level of citral inclusion augmented non-protein thiol content in the brain and gills. Myeloperoxidase activity was lower in fish offered 1.0 and 2.0 mL citral per kg feed. Dietary citral did not influence the plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase or the hepatic histology. As it improved growth, the activity of digestive enzymes and general health, dietary citral may be recommended for M. liza at 2.0 mL per kg feed.
The aquatic environment presents daily and/or seasonal variations in dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. Piava faces different DO levels in the water due to its distributional characteristics. The goal of ...this study was to describe the effects of low DO levels on plasma ion, biochemical and oxidative variables in piava juveniles. Fish were exposed to different DO levels, including 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mg L-1 of DO for 96 h, after which blood and tissue samples (liver, kidney, gill and muscle) were collected. The decrease in DO levels decreased plasma Na+, Cl-, K+ and NH3 levels as well as protein and glycogen levels in the liver, kidney and muscle; increased Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the gills and kidney as well as glucose and ammonia levels in the liver, kidney and muscle; and increased lactate levels in the kidney and muscle. Thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances, catalase and non-protein thiol levels decreased in the tissues of piavas exposed to low DO levels. It is concluded that piava can apparently cope with hypoxic conditions; however, low DO levels are a stressor, and the tolerance of piava to hypoxia involves iono-regulatory, metabolic and oxidative adjustments.
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