The discovery that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer has opened up new avenues for prevention. Carrageenans are attractive candidates for developing ...potential HPV prevention due to their actions against a wide range of viruses, mainly through the blocking of the viral attachment stage. In addition, they are characterised by low production costs, abundant availability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. This review presents an overview of in vitro and in vivo studies of carrageenan antiviral properties, availability, and future liquid-sexual material. Based on the results of previous studies, both in vitro and in vivo carrageenan has the potential to be applied as a lubricant and feminine cleanser because it can reduce HPV infection, is non-toxic, and non-allergenic.
Levan or fructan, a polysaccharide of fructose, is widely used in various commercial industries. Levan could be produced by many organisms, including plants and bacteria. The cloning of the gene from ...Bacillus licheniformis, which expressed levansucrase in Escherichia coli host, was carried out successfully. In the present study, we performed the in vitro production of levan and analyzed its potential application as antibacterial and antioxidant agents.
In vitro levan production catalyzed by heterologous-expressed levansucrase Lsbl-bk1 and Lsbl-bk2 was optimized with Box-Wilson design. The antibacterial activity of the produced levan was carried out using agar well diffusion method, while its antioxidant activity was tested by free radical scavenging assays.
The optimum conditions for levan production were observed at 36 °C and pH 7 in 12% (w/v) sucrose for levansucrase Lsbl-bk1, while the optimum catalysis of levansucrase Lsbl-bk2 was obtained at 32 oC and pH 8 in the same sucrose concentration. The in vitro synthesized levan showed an antibacterial activity within a concentration range of 10-20% (w/v) against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The same levan was also able to inhibit the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity with the antioxidant strength of 75% compared to ascorbic acid inhibition.
Our study, therefore, shows that the optimized heterologous expression of levansucrases encoded by Lsbl-bk1 and Lsbl-bk2 could open the way for industrial levan production as an antibacterial and antioxidant agent.
This study examined the potential of levan from the halophilic bacterium Bacillus licheniformis BK1 as a nanoparticle system for protein immobilization. Levan produced by B. licheniformis BK1 was ...obtained by incubating the bacterium in the optimized Belghith medium, containing 15% (w/v) sucrose, 7.5% (w/v) NaCl and pH 8, in a rotary shaker at 150 rpm for 16 h, at 40 °C. The structure of the levan produced was verified by FTIR and NMR. It appeared that the levan had the same structure as that from Erwinia herbicola. The obtained levan was then used as a nanoparticle system to immobilize BSA and lysozyme proteins. The BSA-nanoparticle had a non-spherical shape with a surface charge of about -4.72 mV and a size distribution in the range of 83–298 nm. In contrast, the lysozyme-nanoparticle exhibited more spherical shapes with a surface charge of -2.57 mV and 206–285 nm size distribution. The efficiency of immobilization was about 74.26% and 81.77% for BSA and lysozyme, respectively. The study thus shows that levan produced by B. licheniformis BK1 can be used as a nanoparticle system for protein immobilization.
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) production in Indonesia based on data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) for 2020 reached 720.66 thousand tons and continues to increase every year. Increasing cocoa ...production can cause cocoa waste to increase as well. Cocoa waste handling can be overcome by producing bioethanol as a way to reduce the amount of waste produced. This study aims to utilize cellulose compounds from cocoa fruit waste in the production of bioethanol through several stages, namely delignification, enzymatic hydrolysis by cellulase enzymes and the fermentation process with the help of Zymomonas mobilis bacteria. The results showed that the lignin level decreased by 19.5%, the hemicellulose level decreased by 6.87% and the cellulose level increased by 27.45%. Hydrolysis and fermentation stages were analyzed using the response surface method (RSM) to obtain optimum conditions. Cellulose can be optimally hydrolyzed using a pH buffer of 2 and a temperature of 30°C with a glucose concentration of 21,703 mg/mL. The fermentation process can be carried out at optimum conditions using a fermentation medium pH 10 with an incubation time of 168 hours. The bioethanol level was analyzed using a refractometer and gas chromatography (GC) with a yield of 8.43% (v/v).
Otkriće da je infekcija humanim papiloma virusom (HPV) primarni uzrok raka grlića maternice otvorilo je nove načine prevencije. Karagenani su potencijalni kandidati za prevenciju HPV-a zbog njihova ...djelovanja protiv širokog spektra virusa, uglavnom kroz blokiranje prianjanja virusa. Osim toga, karakteriziraju ih niski troškovi proizvodnje, velika dostupnost, biorazgradivost, biokompatibilnost i nisu toksični. Na temelju rezultata dosadašnjih studija, karagenan (in vitro i in vivo) ima potencijal za primjenu kao lubrikant i sredstvo za higijenu žena, jer može smanjiti mogućnost HPV infekcije te nije toksičan ni alergen.
Halophilic bacteria are halotolerant microorganisms commonly found in natural environments containing high NaCl concentration. Bacillus licheniformis BK1 is a moderate halophilic bacterium isolated ...from Bledug Kuwu mud crater, Central Java, Indonesia. This bacterium optimally grows in LB medium containing 15% (w/v) NaCl, and known to produce levansucrase. The levansucrase gene from this bacterium has been successfully isolated and sequence (accession number MF774877.1). The obtained pET-lsbl-bk1 recombinant clone was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and overexpressed by IPTG induction. The obtained Lsbl-bk1 levansucrase recombinant in the supernatant has a specific activity of 545.678 U/mg protein, in which the unit is defined as µmol of glucose released per minute in sucrose containing medium. This activity is 74% higher compared to those from B. licheniformis BK1 wild type. On the other hand, the cell lysate only showed an increase of 46%. The nucleotide sequence of lsbl-bk1 gene indicated that the open reading frame consists of 1,452 bases encoding 483 amino acid residues of Lsbl-bk1 protein with a cleaved signal peptide between Ala29 and Lys30. This protein is predicted as a member of glycoside hydrolase family, a typical for levansucrase. In addition, three conserved residues of the predicted catalytic triad were identified to be Asp93, Asp256, Glu352.
Tiger shrimp has received attention because of the high prices. However, sustainable cultivation of tiger shrimp is still hampered by the low quality of spermatozoa in male broodstock. Sea cucumbers ...are a type of invertebrate that is very useful because they have many viscera with almost the same nutritional content as fresh food. However, it has other advantages compared to other fresh feeds, namely it has a very high testosterone content so that it can be used to improve the quality and quantity of spermatozoa of male tiger prawns. The study aims to compare the influence between sea cucumber viscera and fresh squid as well as the combination of sea cucumber and squid viscera against the density of tiger shrimp spermatozoa (Penaeus monodon). Test animals used were 18 male tiger shrimp with an average weight of 80.93 g. Shrimp are kept in tanks with a volume of 1 ton, with a density of 3 broodstock/tank and 3 replications. Feeding was carried out with a frequency of 3 times a day and at a dose of 20% of biomass for 30 days. The test feed used consisted of 100% fresh squid feed as a control, a combination of 50% squid and 50% of sea cucumber viscera, and 100% of sea cucumber viscera. The administration of sea cucumber visceral waste in tiger shrimp tend to increase the quantity of spermatozoa tiger shrimp.
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a technique to inhibit microbial biofilm growth through the toxicity of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) compounds. ROS can be attack membrane, lipids, DNA and nucleic ...acid then initiate cell necrosis. This study aims to analyze the potential of red and blue LEDs to activating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to produce significant amounts of ROS that are believed to be toxic and lethal to Candida albicans biofilm cells. The effectiveness of the treatment in this study was evaluated through cell viability represented by Optical Density values and malondialdehyde levels. There were 4 treatment groups used as samples, namely the control group, the photosensitizer group, the light group, and the combination group of light with photosensitizer. The duration of light exposure ranged from 2 to 10 min with a power of 100 MW. The biofilm staining done to detection some indicator as an impact of photodynamic against mortality and survive cell with 2 dyes are XTT assay as cell viability values and the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances assay for malondialdehyde levels. The results showed that photoinactivation of Candida albicans biofilm with the lowest viability occurred in the treatment group of the combination of blue light with AgNPs with an irradiation duration of 10 min, namely 0.076 ± 0.005 and the treatment group of the combination of red light with AgNPs with an irradiation duration of 10 min, namely 0.131 ± 0.021. The data resulted in an inactivation rate of 94.68 ± 0.55 % for blue light and 90.98 ± 0.02 % for red light. The malondialdehyde levels were 1.563 nmol/mL for blue light and 1.514 nmol/mL for red light. The comparison of blue light treatment with red light is based on penetration in the cell, where blue light has low penetration but high energy which gives more opportunities to produce ROS at the triplet level. The combination of blue LED spectrum with AgNPs is highly effective in inactivating the metabolic activity of pathogenic microbial cells. HIGHLIGHTS Candida albicans biofilm is very rigid and has strong potential as a chronic infection. The research focuses on the application of photodynamic inactivation with LED light and antimicrobial AgNPs. Identification of the results with XTT assay 94.65 % inhibition and TBARS assay at MDA level of 1,864 nmol/mL. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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