This research reveals the original medieval forms of the Convent of Poor Clares while contextualising the spatial interventions after the scandalous year 1433 that led to the urban transformation of ...the broader neighbourhood. The research methodology addressed historical visual sources analysed in the context of the information provided by archival documents, starting with the Ordo from 1433 and including all the City Councils’ deliberations until 1450. Linking these two sets of information resulted in the schematic and hypothetical visualisation of the disposition of the convent’s medieval buildings and the identification of all the changes in neighbouring public and private buildings and spaces implemented to achieve the perfect clausura inside the densely built urban fabric. Along with the prison sentence to be served inside this very convent, the nobility of the Republic of Dubrovnik ensured that the social values were preserved for the future.
Cilj je ovoga rada predočiti metodologiju istraživanja rezidencijalnih sklopova s dvorištem i kulom u Trogiru te principe njihova transformiranja u razdoblju od 13. do 15. stoljeća, koji su ...uvjetovani novim pravnim, društvenim i ekonomskim okvirom, pri čemu se njihova sudbina sagledava i kroz političke mijene i osobne perspektive njihovih vlasnika.
This paper presents the research methodology concerning the residential complexes with courtyards and towers in Trogir and their transformation between the 13th and 15th century brought about by the new legal, social, and economic circumstances. These processes are examined both from a political perspective and from a personal perspective of their owners.
The paper analyses the diminishment of the importance and significance of the medieval tower houses in Trogir caused by social, political, and economic changes as well as by the urban development and ...the changes in the city defence system. The findings suggest that the decline of the towers had already begun during the 13th century. Eventually it resulted in the preservation of only a few, who have, however, been subjected to subsequent remodelling.
Trogir je grad s kontinuitetom življenja na skučenom, morem okruženom prostoru, duljim od dvije tisuće godina. Iz njegovih nebrojenih slojeva u ovom se radu razlažu arhitektonske i urbane mijene koje ...su se dogodile tijekom 15. stoljeća. U tom se smislu definiraju naručitelji i njihove potrebe te načini na koje su te potrebe mogle biti zadovoljene u već jasno definiranom i posve izgrađenom tkivu grada. Među naručiteljima nalazimo sve ondašnje građane i stanovnike koji su dali svoj obol izgledu Trogira, a od čega su mnogi pothvati sačuvani do današnjih dana. Riječ je o fortifikacijama i javnim zdanjima, katedrali, njenim aneksima, i crkvenim zdanjima, te brojim privatnim kućama i rezidencijama koje su tijekom tog stoljeća dozidavane i opremane novom arhitektonskom plastikom. Upravo je očuvanost tih zdanja i njihovih dijelova omogućila istraživanje čiji su rezultati podastrijeti u ovom radu te sagledani kroz perspektive naručitelja.
U radu se prezentiranju prikupljeni arhivski podaci o marangonima i lapicidama koji se spominju u Trogiru između 1420. i 1450. godine. Analizom istih te analizom njihova međuodnosa s podacima o tada ...poduzimanim podizanjima novih i preoblikovanjima postojećih zdanja nastoje se ocrtati njihove uloge u građevinskim pothvatima u onodobnom Trogiru. Prvotno smo za ovaj broj časopisa Ars Adriatica, posvećen profesoru Ivi Petricioliju koji nam je za vrijeme studija pobudio zanimanje prema proučavanju srednjovjekovne umjetnosti, a graditeljstva osobito, htjeli ponuditi prilog o zadarskim graditeljima u Trogiru. Njihovu ulogu i značaj moguće je, međutim, razmotriti tek u sklopu šire rasprave o svim marangonima i lapicidama koji su istovremeno djelovali u tom gradu.
Iz neobjavljene građe trogirskoga komunalnog arhiva sabrani su dokumenti u rasponu od 1416. do 1487. godine za koje se može utvrditi da se odnose na kuće u bloku sjeverno od katedrale. Oni omogućuju ...određenje perimetra i grafičku rekonstrukciju prostorne organizacije sklopa u vlasništvu braće Lovre i Andrije Stipoševića, a koji je zauzimao gotovo čitav prostor bloka. Zahvaljujući saznanjima o izgledu bloka u 15. stoljeću i ostacima trijema iz 14. stoljeća, sačuvanima u prizemlju jedne od kuća, a
komparacijom sa sličnim trogirskim rezidencijalnim sklopovima, donose se zaključci o transformaciji toga dijela urbanog tkiva.
Residential complexes with their courtyards and towers are still today considered the main features of the urban fabric of Trogir. They had originated, like in other European cities, before the ...communal institutions were formed. This period in Trogir ended at the beginning of the 13th century with the establishment of the Grand Council and other communal institutions. For this reason, these complexes are situated only in the eastern part of the city because its western suburbs developed as late as the 13th century. They consisted of private courtyards enclosed by other buildings and defended by towers and were occupied by their owners and their children with their families including servants. They were usually located on isolated sites in the city and had usually only one entrance for safety reasons. The complexes were formed through a process of privatizing public streets. As a result, the ancient grid was disrupted while the ring-shaped peripheral areas were built up with the same buildings. Similar structures can be found in the city, yet without any evidence that they had a tower. The existence of such complexes was probably not uncommon. Likewise, it wasn't entirely impossible that the towers in these complexes possibly vanished over centuries as a result of successive alterations. The complexes were mostly designed by members of the patrician families, the same ones who later established communal institutions and reserved the right to participate in the government. The research methodology is a follow-up to a previously established widely known methodology of research into medieval urban forms. It is essentially based on the studies of all preserved buildings or their fragments and their comparison with the data from critically analyzed written and visual sources. An upgrade in methodology was achieved by a systematic and complete data collection about the spaces and structures found in the archives of the medieval Trogir commune from 13th to the end of 15th century. The data were analyzed separately in four stages. Firstly, it was necessary to establish the affiliation of persons registered as property owners to a particular family which allows tracking the real estate through several generations, and at the same time identify changes that occurred on a particular property as well as the causes that led to these changes. The following is an analysis of the property recorded in the documents, which shows a marked tendency towards ownership fragmentation regarding the premises in a block. The next step was to locate the property on a city survey from 1830 on the basis of the identification of fixed landmarks in each individual block. Fixed landmarks include public buildings, churches and monasteries, towers along the city walls and the main square, as well as reliefs with coats of arms of clans and families, preserved in situ. At the same time, one should keep in mind all known changes in the urban fabric that have occurred since the 13th century until today. Tracking the property is possible by following the genealogies of Trogir clans and families. Finally, the perimeter of the property recorded in the documents, is determined. It is only made possible by a comparative analysis of masonry structures and collected archival data. The key element is the preserved medieval wall and architectural ornamentation, with the help of archaeological research results and critically examined visual sources. Despite the existence of fragments of the preserved archival documents and fragments of the preserved masonry medieval structures with their architectural ornamentation, it is practically impossible to restore the sequence of ownership and alterations in each individual area in the city of Trogir in successive and short time spans. However, the presented analysis and the obtained results may certainly lead to a conclusion about the transformation of residential complexes between the 13th and the 15th century. In this way, communication between the center of the block and public streets and squares is multiplied, unlike the pre-communal period when, for security reasons, the complex had only one entrance. Changes in the make-up of the family are manifest in a tendency on the part of each family to live in its own separate household and abandon communal living. Therefore, the former complexes were divided and the ownership was fragmented. Buying certain parts of neighboring structures became a viable option. Members of the patrician clans were gradually replaced over time with members of the bourgeois social classes. As a result, social changes are reflected in the make-up of the users and owners of buildings of the former pre-communal complexes. In the political context, the most difficult problem was the organization of city defense from the private complexes with towers. It was a thorny issue for the council of the Trogir commune since the beginning of the 13th century, and subsequently for the Venetian government from 1420. Only minor adjustments in the city fabric were possible. So, defense along the city walls had to be organized in private spaces of the complexes. Personal attitudes and ambitions of the owners are reflected on the facades, either by retaining the existing architectural ornamentation, or by commissioning a new one. In either case, they reflected an awareness of the reputation and influence of a family and their members in Trogir at the time. In conclusion, the reasons why the complexes with courtyards and towers are still the main features of Trogir can be summarized in few key points: limited area on a small island, impossibility of undertaking radical interventions in a dense urban fabric and adaptability of the complexes to new and changed economic, social, political and personal circumstances.
This article discusses the work of Miho Barada concerning collecting, transcribing
and publishing Trogir documents from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries
(Trogirski spomenici, Trogir ...monuments). Trogir is one of the few Eastern Adriatic cities to preserve such early documents, which provide an inexhaustible source for the study of the medieval town and its social history. Published documents are not the only Barada’s legacy in the field of Trogir history. He also supervised transcription of the estate of the Trogir historian Ivan Lučić. These abundant archival sources that have been published and preserved thanks to Miho Barada’s efforts have only been partially explored. This article traces the use of these sources in the work of historians and art historians.
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