Summary
Energy conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is essential for improving the stability of sensor nodes and network lifetime. An energy‐proficient clustering‐based routing protocol is ...necessary for efficient cluster formation and Cluster Head (CH) selection to sustain Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, an Improved Bkd‐Tree‐Inspired Energy‐eFficient Clustering‐based Routing Protocol (IBkd‐Tree‐IEFCRP) is propounded as a potential strategy for guaranteeing significant cluster formation and management. It is proposed as an effective strategy in CH node allocation that handles the impacts of QoS during the process of data dissemination. This IBkd‐Tree‐IEFCRP is proposed to deal with energy saving with respect to data traffic by including a strategy of cluster formation which incorporates the benefits of partition data structure that incorporates an improved Bkd‐tree algorithm. It also concentrates on the process of CH selection by integrating a reactive approach that enhances throughput with minimized energy, delay and jitter. The simulation experiments of the proposed IBkd‐Tree‐IEFCRP confirm a better performance in improving the average throughput by 13.21%, reducing the energy consumptions by 12.96%, minimizing the delay by 11.98% and reducing the jitter by 14.24% when compared to the baseline k‐dimensional tree algorithm (kd‐tree algorithm), Weighting and Parameter Optimization‐based Energy‐Efficient Clustering Routing Protocol (WPO‐EECRP), Improved Clustering by Fast Search and Finding of Density Peaks (ICFSFDP), and Energy‐based Cluster Centered Routing Protocol (ECCRP) taken for comparison. The proposed IBkd‐Tree‐IEFCRP is also identified to reduce delay by 8.42% and jitter by 7.18% and increase throughput by 6.84% when compared to the benchmarked protocols for different number of rounds.
Improved Bkd‐Tree‐Inspired Energy‐eFficient Clustering‐based Routing Protocol (IBkd‐Tree‐IEFCRP) is propounded for guaranteeing significant cluster formation, management and strategies to CH allocation in order to handle the impact on the aspects of QoS.
This IBkd‐Tree‐IEFCRP is proposed with the capability to deal with energy saving with respect to data traffic and its applications.
It includes the strategy of cluster formation by incorporating improved Bkd‐tree algorithm with the benefits of partition data structure.
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•Injectable hydrogels have numerous advantages over conventional scaffolds.•Preparation of different polymeric injectable hydrogel systems.•The design considerations for injectable ...hydrogels.•Incorporation of growth factors, drugs and cells into hydrogels.•Injectable hydrogels for different tissue engineering applications.
The desire and need to minimize traditional open surgeries is gearing up as it could reduce the healthcare expenses and improve the recovery time for the patients. Minimal invasive procedures using endoscopes, catheters and needles have been developed considerably in the last few decades. In the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, there is a need for advancement over the conventional scaffolds and pre-formed hydrogels. In this scenario, injectable hydrogels have gained wider appreciation among the researchers, as they can be used in minimally invasive surgical procedures. Injectable gels with their ease of handling, complete filling of the defect area and good permeability have emerged as promising biomaterials. The system can effectively deliver a wide array of therapeutic agents like drugs, growth factors, fillers and even cells. This review provides an overview of the recent trends in the preparation of injectable hydrogels, along with key factors to be kept in balance for designing an effective injectable hydrogel system. Further, we have summarized the application of injectable hydrogels in adipose, bone, cartilage, intervertebral discs and muscle tissue engineering.
Carbon materials have been used as potential electrode for supercapacitor applications and this review focused on status of maximum biomass derived carbon precursors with or without external ...activation in the application of supercapacitors, understanding the aspects of porous carbon materials derived from various biomass which are incorporated as electrodes for supercapacitors. This review highlights the production of activated carbon from waste biomass and also deals with their characterization techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RAMAN), field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and their impacts on electrochemical performance of galvanostatic charge discharge analysis (GCD) and cyclic stability test in the application of supercapacitors.
•The review on synthesizing of biomass derived carbon materials by with/without chemical activation in use of supercapacitor electrodes.•Characterization of different biomass based carbon materials were compared by Structural analysis of FT-IR, XRD, RAMAN spectroscopy and morphological analysis of SEM, TEM and BET analysis.•By Testing the Electrochemical performance of various carbon electrode materials by Galvanostatic Charge Discharge (GCD) and cyclic stability test in different electrolyte medium.•Energy density and Power density of different carbon electrode materials are reviewed.•Incorporation of biomass derived carbon materials as supercapacitor electrode material to reduce the depletion of fuel emission and global warming issues into sustainable, non-toxic and eco-friendly future application.
The nucleotide salvage pathway is used to recycle degraded nucleotides (purines and pyrimidines); one of the enzymes that helps to recycle purines is hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 ...(HGPRT1). Therefore, defects in this enzyme lead to the accumulation of DNA and nucleotide lesions and hence replication errors and genetic disorders. Missense mutations in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 (HPRT1) are associated with deficiencies such as Lesch–Nyhan disease and chronic gout, which have manifestations such as arthritis, neurodegeneration, and cognitive disorders. In the present study, we collected 88 non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) from the UniProt, dbSNP, ExAC, and ClinVar databases. We used a series of sequence-based and structure-based in silico tools to prioritize and characterize the most pathogenic and stabilizing or destabilizing nsSNPs. Moreover, to obtain the structural impact of the pathogenic mutations, we mapped the mutations to the crystal structure of the HPRT protein. We further subjected these mutant proteins to a 50 ns molecular dynamics simulation (MDS). The MDS trajectory showed that all mutant proteins altered the structural conformation and dynamic behavior of the HPRT protein and corroborated its association with LND and gout. This study provides essential information regarding the use of HPRT protein mutants as potential targets for therapeutic development.
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•Missense mutations in HPRT1 gene.•In silico prediction analysis.•Molecular dynamics simulation.
ABSTRACTIn this study, we investigated specific components and intra-seasonal dynamic processes that play pivotal roles in the East Antarctica’s central Dronning Maud Land (cDML) region. The present ...study focuses on harnessing the potential of a multispectral sensor-based Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for cryosphere studies over the polar ice sheet in cDML (Schirmacher Oasis) region of East Antarctica, conducted as part of the 42nd and 43rd Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica (ISEA), under the aegis of National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, during austral summer period from 2022 to 2023. The surveyed area (~100 acres) encompasses a segment of the ice sheet frontal edge outer margin, situated near the Maitri Indian research base at Schirmacheroasen, and includes a melt pond/supraglacial lake. The results indicate that the ice sheet frontal edge segment experienced a decrease in elevation of 0.25 meters with a total mass reduction of 13.6 kilotons during one-week period. The supraglacial lake accumulated meltwater with an average depth ranging from 0.25 to 1.6 meters, covering an area spanning from 9.1 × 103 square meters to 24.7 × 103 square meters. The ultra-high resolution multispectral UAV data also revealed dynamic changes in various cryo-facies classes, including water bodies/meltwater, frozen meltwater, dry and wet snow, debris/bare ice, and bedrock during the study period over the study area. This study represents a pioneering effort in assessing the region near the Maitri research base in both spatial and temporal scales. It also marks the first application of UAV surveying techniques with the integration of in-situ data from the Pressure Sensor Assembly (PSA) to examine and understand its complex intra-seasonal dynamics and characteristics. The research team is the first Indian group to employ UAVs for scientific research in the Antarctic region, which is a notable advancement in Indian scientific exploration and contributes to the expanding knowledge of the Antarctic region.
•Truncated cone plays a vital role in enhancing the thermal performance of THPs.•CTC THP attains a higher efficiency than conventional THP for varying heat loads.•The proposed THP can reduce thermal ...resistance by up to 48.94%.•Non-dimensional parameters are investigated to predict flow behaviour.
A Thermosyphon Heat Pipe (THP) is an effective heat transfer device primarily deployed in the field of energy conversion and heat recovery systems. Among the various working fluids, deionized (DI) water exerts higher latent heat of vaporization making it suitable for efficient performance testing of THPs. The novel design of a THP in a non-uniform geometry-based truncated cone structure is suggested to recover waste heat from various sources. A detailed parametric study is carried out on the non-uniform structure THPs to analyze the thermal performance. This study examines the thermal performance of the Convergent Truncated Cone (CTC) THP and the effect of modifying the influencing factors of its diameter, length, heat flux, inclinations, and mass flow rate. Based on the experimental results, it is seen that the CTC helps to reduce the overall thermal resistance by 48.94 %, 35.15 %, and 34.69 % for 90°, 60°, and 30° inclinations, respectively. Similarly, the temperature difference between the evaporator and the adiabatic sections shows an average thermal resistance reduction of 36.38 %, 30.3 %, and 55.82 % under the same operating conditions. Additionally, the results of the current investigation indicate that there are two positive outcomes for the supplied heat input range of 30–300 W. It is observed that the THP is 2.54 % more efficient than a conventional THP at an angle of 90° for a heat input range of 30–150 W. The maximum augmentation of thermal efficiency is noted to be 4.12 % and is attained at 30° inclination for the input range of 180–300 W.
•Truncated cones play a vital role in improving the thermal performance of heat pipe.•Modified geometry yields 85.68% higher heat transfer than conventional.•The optimum length of the proposed ...configuration is in the ratio of 1:1:1.•Heat transport limitations are investigated to transfer the maximum heat of 2.8 kW.
Heat pipe technology has evolved significantly in addressing thermal management challenges. Still, existing heat pipe designs have limitations in efficiently optimizing heat transfer, particularly in scenarios with spatial constraints and variable heat loads. To overcome these challenges, this study deals with incorporating truncated cones in different forms, such as convergent and divergent, in the thermosyphon heat pipe. The parametric analysis and the performance of this research highlight the ability to handle varying heat loads and determine that a 1:1:1 ratio between the evaporator, adiabatic, and condenser sections of 300 mm in total length thermosyphon heat pipe may be expected to meet spatial constraints efficiently. Placement of the convergent truncated cone in the evaporator and the divergent truncated cone in the condenser helps improve the evaporation and condensation performance by 62.07% and 108%, respectively, when compared to the conventional geometry due to the increasing vapour and liquid velocities. Interestingly, the wall temperature decreases by 11.9%, and the thermal resistance is reduced, increasing the heat transfer coefficient by 85.68% compared to the uniform geometry thermosyphon heat pipe. Hence, these findings provide a path for promising applications in heat recovery and thermal management systems.
Alanine-rich tetrapeptides like A
K dominantly exist as polyproline II helices in dilute aqueous solutions. However, during self-assembly, based on the free energy calculation in implicit solvent for ...various peptide conformations, only the peptides in the β-strand conformation can be packed closely. This necessitates the conformational transition to the β-strand commonly observed during peptide self-assembly such as in amyloid fibril formation. In fact, the closest interpeptide distance of 4.8 Å is consistent with the interstrand distance determined from the X-ray diffraction pattern of many amyloid fibrils. The position of free energy minimum obtained from implicit solvent calculation matches exactly with the explicit solvent simulation through umbrella sampling when the peptide conformations are restrained, demonstrating the applicability of the former for rapid screening of peptide configurations favorable for self-assembly. The barrier in the free energy profile in the presence of water arises out of the entropic restriction on the interstitial water molecules while satisfying the hydrogen bonding of both the peptides by forming water mediated hydrogen bond bridge. Further, the high energy barrier observed for the β-strand suggests that peptides initially tend to self-assemble in the polyproline II structure to mitigate the desolvation energy cost; the transition to the β-strand would happen only in the later stage after crossing the barrier. The umbrella sampling simulations with peptides allowed to change conformations, relative to each other, confirm the dynamic conformational transition during the course of the self-assembly supporting the "dock and lock" mechanism suggested for amyloid fibrillar growth.
Herein, we report, for the first-time, mesoporous carbon-supported binary and ternary catalysts with different atomic ratios of Pt/MC (100), Pt-Sn/MC (50 : 50), Pt-Re/MC (50 : 50), Pt-Sn-Re/MC (80 : ...10 : 10) and Pt-Sn-Re/MC (80 : 115 : 05) prepared using a co-impregnation reduction method as anode components for membraneless ethanol fuel cells (MLEFLs). Mechanistic and structural insights into binary Pt-Sn/MC, Pt-Re/MC and ternary Pt-Sn-Re/MC catalysts were obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) methods. In particular, chemical characterization
via
cyclic voltammetry, CO stripping voltammetry and chronoamperometry indicated that Pt-Sn-Re/MC (80 : 15 : 05) had better dynamics toward ethanol oxidation than Pt-Sn-Re/MC (80 : 10 : 10), Pt-Sn/MC (50 : 50) and Pt-Re/MC (50 : 50) catalysts. In terms of the single cell performance of the prepared catalysts, Pt-Sn-Re/MC (80 : 15 : 05) (31.5 mW cm
−2
) showed a higher power density and current density than Pt-Sn-Re/MC(80 : 10 : 10), Pt-Re/MC (50 : 50) and Pt-Sn/MC (50 : 50) at room temperature. The addition of Re into the binary Pt-Sn catalyst improved its electrical performance for ethanol oxidation in a membraneless ethanol fuel cell. As a result, the ternary-based Pt-Sn-Re/MC (80 : 15 : 05) catalyst demonstrated enhanced performance compared to monometallic and bimetallic catalysts in the ethanol oxidation reaction in a membraneless fuel cell.
Addition of Re into the binary Pt-Sn catalyst increases electrical performance for ethanol oxidation reaction. Ternary based Pt-Sn-Re/MC (80 : 15 : 05) enhances the performance compared to the mono and bimetallic catalysts in the ethanol oxidation reaction in a membraneless fuel cell.
