Skin aging has been defined to encompass both intrinsic and extrinsic aging, with extrinsic aging effected by environmental influences and overlaying the effects of chronological aging. The risk ...factors of skin aging have been studied previously, using methods of quantifying skin aging. However, these studies have yet to be reviewed. To better understand skin aging risk factors and collate the available data, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis. We conducted our systematic review in compliance with Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Embase, PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched in October 2020 using specific search strategies. Where odds ratios were reported, meta-analyses were conducted using the random effects model. Otherwise, significant factors were reported in this review. We identified seven notable risk factors for various skin aging phenotypes: age, gender, ethnicity, air pollution, nutrition, smoking, sun exposure. This review's results will guide future works, such as those aiming to examine the interaction between genetic and environmental influences.
Controlling the solution‐state aggregation of conjugated polymers for producing specific microstructures remains challenging. Herein, a practical approach is developed to finely tune the solid‐state ...microstructures through temperature‐controlled solution‐state aggregation and polymer crystallization. High temperature generates significant conformation fluctuation of conjugated backbones in solution, which facilitates the polymer crystallization from solvated aggregates to orderly packed structures. The polymer films deposited at high temperatures exhibit less structural disorders and higher electron mobilities (up to two orders of magnitude) in field‐effect transistors, compared to those deposited at low temperatures. This work provides an effective strategy to tune the solution‐state aggregation to reveal the relationship between solution‐state aggregation and solid‐state microstructures of conjugated polymers.
Using temperature‐controlled polymer aggregation, the solid‐state microstructures of conjugated polymers are finely tuned. The temperature‐controlled strategy enhances the molecular ordering in thin films and leads to efficient charge transport. A polymer transistor with tuned molecular ordering exhibited improved electron mobilities of up to 3.71 cm2 V−1 s−1, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the disordered samples.
This paper presents an enhancement of the two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method for measuring spatial accessibility, addressing the problem of uniform access within the catchment by ...applying weights to different travel time zones to account for distance decay. The enhancement is proved to be another special case of the gravity model. When applying this enhanced 2SFCA (E2SFCA) to measure the spatial access to primary care physicians in a study area in northern Illinois, we find that it reveals spatial accessibility pattern that is more consistent with intuition and delineates more spatially explicit health professional shortage areas. It is easy to implement in GIS and straightforward to interpret.
A comprehensive but simple‐to‐use software package called DPS (Data Processing System) has been developed to execute a range of standard numerical analyses and operations used in experimental design, ...statistics and data mining. This program runs on standard Windows computers. Many of the functions are specific to entomological and other biological research and are not found in standard statistical software. This paper presents applications of DPS to experimental design, statistical analysis and data mining in entomology.
The heterogeneous nature of tumour microenvironment (TME) underlying diverse treatment responses remains unclear in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here, we profile 176,447 cells from 10 NPC ...tumour-blood pairs, using single-cell transcriptome coupled with T cell receptor sequencing. Our analyses reveal 53 cell subtypes, including tumour-infiltrating CD8
T, regulatory T (Treg), and dendritic cells (DCs), as well as malignant cells with different Epstein-Barr virus infection status. Trajectory analyses reveal exhausted CD8
T and immune-suppressive TNFRSF4
Treg cells in tumours might derive from peripheral CX3CR1
CD8
T and naïve Treg cells, respectively. Moreover, we identify immune-regulatory and tolerogenic LAMP3
DCs. Noteworthily, we observe intensive inter-cell interactions among LAMP3
DCs, Treg, exhausted CD8
T, and malignant cells, suggesting potential cross-talks to foster an immune-suppressive niche for the TME. Collectively, our study uncovers the heterogeneity and interacting molecules of the TME in NPC at single-cell resolution, which provide insights into the mechanisms underlying NPC progression and the development of precise therapies for NPC.
As core units of organ tissues, cells of various types play their harmonious rhythms to maintain the homeostasis of the human body. It is essential to identify the characteristics of cells in human ...organs and their regulatory networks for understanding the biological mechanisms related to health and disease. However, a systematic and comprehensive single-cell transcriptional profile across multiple organs of a normal human adult is missing.
We perform single-cell transcriptomes of 84,363 cells derived from 15 tissue organs of one adult donor and generate an adult human cell atlas. The adult human cell atlas depicts 252 subtypes of cells, including major cell types such as T, B, myeloid, epithelial, and stromal cells, as well as novel COCH
fibroblasts and FibSmo cells, each of which is distinguished by multiple marker genes and transcriptional profiles. These collectively contribute to the heterogeneity of major human organs. Moreover, T cell and B cell receptor repertoire comparisons and trajectory analyses reveal direct clonal sharing of T and B cells with various developmental states among different tissues. Furthermore, novel cell markers, transcription factors, and ligand-receptor pairs are identified with potential functional regulations in maintaining the homeostasis of human cells among tissues.
The adult human cell atlas reveals the inter- and intra-organ heterogeneity of cell characteristics and provides a useful resource in uncovering key events during the development of human diseases in the context of the heterogeneity of cells and organs.
To investigate the stability of a soil-rock-mixture (SRM) slope subjected to sequential excavation, two modifications are made to the numerical manifold method (NMM). One modification is the ...implementation of sequential excavation algorithms including an algorithm to find the excavated manifold elements and an algorithm named as “manifold element birth and death” to remove the excavated manifold elements in the excavation simulation. The other modification is the implementation of an improved shear strength reduction technique to evaluate the stability of a slope, as well as to obtain the factor of safety (FOS). In this technique, apart from the shear strength parameters, the Poisson's ratio υ is also adjusted for the purpose of eliminating the spurious plastic deformation that may happen in the deep areas of the slope. Two criterions including the NC criterion (Non-convergence criterion) and DPZ criterion (The criterion based on the distribution of plastic zones) are used to define the critical equilibrium state of the slope. With the improved NMM, three numerical examples including a homogeneous slope under one step of excavation, a slope under three steps of excavation and a SRM slope under two steps of excavation are solved. The simulation results show that: (1) the improved NMM is able to accurately simulate the excavation process of slopes, and predict the FOSs of slopes; (2) the FOSs based on the NC criterion are usually greater than or equal to those based on the DPZ criterion; (3) it is very difficult to form a slipping surface passing from the toe of the SRM slope to the top of the SRM slope; (4) rock blocks have some positive effects on the stability of a SRM slope.
•The NMM is used to simulate sequential excavation of a soil-rock-mixture (SRM) slope.•The sequential excavation algorithms are proposed to simulate the process of sequential excavation.•An improved shear strength reduction technique is adopted and implemented into the NMM.•Results obtained from NC criterion and DPZ criterion are compared.•The advantages of the NMM in discretization and accuracy are demonstrated.
Over the past decade, organic solar cells (OSCs) have received considerable attention from the scientific community and are considered one of the most important sources of low‐cost electricity ...production. Recently, OSC‐based on star‐shaped small‐molecule (SM) non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have developed rapidly, and the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) has exceeded 10 %. The star‐shaped SM NFAs not only have three‐dimensional charge‐transport characteristics similar to fullerenes but also have a strong light absorption capacities and easily tunable energy levels. They are potential candidates as outstanding acceptor materials. In this Review, research progress in of star‐shaped SM NFAs OSCs is reviewed specifically. Moreover, the influence of molecular structure, central unit, and peripheral linking group on OSC performance has been evaluated systematically. This Review could stimulate inspiration for designing high‐performance OSC acceptor materials in the future.
In the stars: Star‐shaped small‐molecule non‐fullerene acceptors that maintain the general superiority of non‐fullerene materials and are also equipped with advantages of fullerene materials, have attracted great research interest. To the further improve the power conversion efficiency of star‐shaped molecule‐based organic solar cells, a comprehensive and in‐depth Review is presented.
Strong interchain interactions of conjugated polymers usually result in poor miscibility with molecular dopants, limiting the doping efficiency because of uncontrolled phase separation. We have ...developed a strategy to achieve efficient charge‐transport and high doping miscibility in n‐doped conjugated polymers. We solve the miscibility issue through disorder side‐chains containing dopants better. Systemic structural characterization reveals a farther side‐chain branching point will lead to higher disorders, which provides appropriate sites to accommodate extrinsic molecular dopants without harming original chain packings and charge‐transport channels. Therefore, better sustainability of solid‐state microstructure is obtained, yielding a stable conductivity even when overloading massive dopants. This work highlights the importance of realizing high host‐dopant miscibility in molecular doping of conjugated polymers.
High host‐dopant miscibility and excellent carrier mobility can be simultaneously achieved in n‐doped conjugated polymers. High‐mobility polymers usually possess poor miscibility because of strong interchain interactions. Without harming the efficient charge‐transport based on the ordered polymer backbones packing, disordered side‐chains are introduced to accommodate dopants better without disturbing charge‐transport pathways.
The role of solution aggregates on the charge transport process of conjugated polymers in electronic devices has gained increasing attention; however, the correlation of the charge carrier mobilities ...between the solution aggregates and the solid‐state films remains elusive. Herein, three polymers, FBDOPV‐2T, FBDOPV‐2F2T, and FBDOPV‐4F2T, are designed and synthesized with distinct aggregation behavior in solution. By combining contact‐free ultrafast terahertz (THz) spectroscopy and field‐effect transistor measurements, we track the charge carrier mobility of the aggregates of these polymers from the solution to the thin‐film state. Remarkably, the mobility of these three polymers is found to follow nearly the same trend (FBDOPV‐2T>FBDOPV‐2F2T≫FBDOPV‐4F2T) in both solutions and thin‐film states. The quantitative mobility correlation indicates that the charge transport properties of solution aggregates play a critical role in determining the thin‐film charge transport properties and final device performance. Our results highlight the importance of investigating and controlling solution aggregation structures towards efficient organic electronic devices.
Different aggregation structures of three BDOPV‐based polymers in solution were obtained via subtle adjustment of the molecular structures. By employing contact‐free ultrafast terahertz (THz) spectroscopy, we directly reveal that the correlation of the charge carrier mobilities between the solution aggregates and the solid‐state films remains highly consistent.
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